Influence of Plasma Treated Nanoparticles on Charge Dynamics of Epoxy Based Nanocomposites under Stepped Boost at High Temperature
Dai Chao1, Zhu Guangyu2, Ding Man1, Chen Xiangrong2
1. College of Energy and Electrical Engineering Hohai University Nanjing 211100 China; 2. College of Electrical Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
Abstract：The traditional pure epoxy is unable to meet the operation requirements at high electric field and temperature. Therefore, it is urgent to develop epoxy based composites with high electrical performance. The nanoparticles can significantly improve the insulating properties of nanocomposites with low content, whereas the agglomeration will occur as the doping of the nanoparticles increase. It will result in the space charge accumulation, electric field distortion, thereby causing insulation damage and threatening the safe operation of power devices. To improve the dispersion of the nanoparticles, plasma can improve the surface properties by introducing chemical groups. Therefore, the surface treatment of nano-alumina particles was carried out by plasma generated by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) in this paper. The epoxy resin/alumina nanocomposites were subsequently prepared. The epoxy resin without particles was marked as "pure epoxy", the epoxy based composite filled with 10% nano-alumina was marked as "10% sample", and the epoxy resin filled with nano-alumina after plasma treatment was marked as "T-10% sample". The dispersion of nanoparticles in the composites before and after plasma treatment was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The space charge distributions of the samples were measured by an improved high-temperature space charge measurement system, the conductance current of the sample was measured by the three-electrode method. The space charge and electrical conductivity properties of epoxy resin and its composites were further analyzed by extracting characteristic parameters. The results show that the cross-section of pure epoxy is smooth without obvious particles. However, obvious agglomerations are occurred in the 10% sample without plasma treatment. There is no obvious agglomeration in the samples prepared from the plasma-treated nano-alumina and the nano-alumina are uniformly dispersed in the epoxy resin. At 100℃, positive space charges are found in all three samples, whereas no positive space charges are appeared at room temperature after polarized for 5 400 s. At 100℃ and 60 MV/m, the initial charge amount of the 10% sample is significantly higher than that of other samples and the increase of the charge after polarization is the highest, whereas the charge amount of the T-10% sample is always the lowest and remain relatively stable. The electrical conductivity of the three samples did not significantly vary with the electric field and stay in one order of magnitude at the room temperature. The electrical conductivities of the three samples increased significantly at 100℃ compared with that at the room temperature. The conductivity of the 10% sample increased by nearly three orders of magnitude compared with that at room temperature at 60 MV/m. However, the T-10% sample always maintains the lowest conductivity. The apparent carrier mobility of the sample increases significantly at 100℃. The apparent carrier mobility of the pure epoxy and T-10% sample decreases slowly with the increase of electric field, whereas the apparent carrier mobility of 10% sample is high at 60 MV/m. It is concluded that plasma treatment helps to suppress the agglomeration of high content of nano-alumina. Nanoparticles with better dispersion can effectively improve the injection threshold of space charge under high temperature and electric field. The nanocomposites prepared after plasma treatment can effectively suppress the space charge accumulation, electric field distortion and charge mobility under stepped boost at high temperature. The plasma-treated particles increase the charge injection threshold, reduce the carrier mobility and conducting activation energy of the epoxy resin based composites, thereby reducing the electrical conductivity of the composites. Finally, based on the results and analysis, the multi-core model of nanoparticles, and the Schottky equation, the effect mechanism of particles on the charge dynamics of epoxy resin with/without plasma treatment under stepped boost at high temperature is proposed.
戴超, 朱光宇, 丁曼, 陈向荣. 高温阶梯式升压下等离子体处理纳米颗粒对环氧树脂复合材料的电荷动力学特性影响[J]. 电工技术学报, 2023, 38(21): 5712-5724.
Dai Chao, Zhu Guangyu, Ding Man, Chen Xiangrong. Influence of Plasma Treated Nanoparticles on Charge Dynamics of Epoxy Based Nanocomposites under Stepped Boost at High Temperature. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2023, 38(21): 5712-5724.
[1] 盛况, 董泽政, 吴新科. 碳化硅功率器件封装关键技术综述及展望[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2019, 39(19): 5576-5584, 5885. Sheng Kuang, Dong Zezheng, Wu Xinke.Review and prospect of key packaging technologies for silicon carbide power devices[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2019, 39(19): 5576-5584, 5885. [2] 谢伟, 杨征, 程显, 等. 环氧树脂材料热氧老化特性研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 2020, 35(20): 4397-4404. Xie Wei, Yang Zheng, Cheng Xian, et al.Study on thermo-oxygen aging characteristics of epoxy resin material[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2020, 35(20): 4397-4404. [3] 李鹏新, 崔浩喆, 邢照亮, 等. 环氧/POSS复合电介质介电与热学性能[J]. 电工技术学报, 2022, 37(2): 291-298. Li Pengxin, Cui Haozhe, Xing Zhaoliang, et al.Dielectric and thermal properties of epoxy/POSS composites[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2022, 37(2): 291-298. [4] 刘贺晨, 郭展鹏, 李岩, 等. 衣康酸基环氧树脂和双酚A环氧树脂性能对比研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 2022, 37(9): 2366-2376. Liu Hechen, Guo Zhanpeng, Li Yan, et al.Comparative study on the performance of itaconic acid based epoxy resin and bisphenol A epoxy resin[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2022, 37(9): 2366-2376. [5] 王有元, 刘玉, 王施又, 等. 电热老化对干式变压器中环氧树脂特性的影响[J]. 电工技术学报, 2018, 33(16): 3906-3916. Wang Youyuan, Liu Yu, Wang Shiyou, et al.The effect of electrothermal aging on the properties of epoxy resin in dry-type transformer[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2018, 33(16): 3906-3916. [6] 刘金刚, 张秀敏, 田付强, 等. 耐高温聚合物电介质材料的研究与应用进展[J]. 电工技术学报, 2017, 32(16): 14-24. Liu Jingang, Zhang Xiumin, Tian Fuqiang, et al.Recent progress of research and development for high-temperature resistant polymer dielectrics[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2017, 32(16): 14-24. [7] 王有元, 王施又, 陆国俊, 等. 纳米AlN改性对干式变压器环氧树脂绝缘性能的影响[J]. 电工技术学报, 2017, 32(7): 174-180. Wang Youyuan, Wang Shiyou, Lu Guojun, et al.Influence of nano-AlN modification on the insulation properties of epoxy resin of dry-type transformers[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2017, 32(7): 174-180. [8] 杨国清, 黎洋, 王德意, 等. 超支化聚酯改性纳米SiO2/环氧树脂的介电特性[J]. 电工技术学报, 2019, 34(5): 1106-1115. Yang Guoqing, Li Yang, Wang Deyi, et al.Effect of hyperbranched polyester grafting nanosilica on dielectric properties of epoxy resin[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2019, 34(5): 1106-1115. [9] 张明艳, 王晨, 吴淑龙, 等. 碳纳米管、蒙脱土共掺杂环氧树脂复合材料介电性能研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 2016, 31(10): 151-158. Zhang Mingyan, Wang Chen, Wu Shulong, et al.Research on dielectric properties of epoxy resin composites doped with carbon nanotubes and montmorillonite[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2016, 31(10): 151-158. [10] Nyamupangedengu C, Cornish D R.Time-evolution phenomena of electrical tree partial discharges in magnesia, silica and alumina epoxy nanocomposites[J]. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2016, 23(1): 85-94. [11] Alapati S, Thomas M J.Influence of nano-fillers on electrical treeing in epoxy insulation[J]. IET Science, Measurement & Technology, 2012, 6(1): 21. [12] Wang Xinyu, Chen Qingguo, Yang Hongda, et al.Electrical properties of epoxy/ZnO nano-composite[J]. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 2018, 29(15): 12765-12770. [13] 梁琛, 司马文霞, 孙魄韬, 等. 单组分光敏微胶囊/纳米SiO2/环氧树脂复合绝缘介质的自修复特性[J]. 电工技术学报, 2022, 37(6): 1564-1571. Liang Chen, Sima Wenxia, Sun Potao, et al.Self-healing property of one-component photosensitive microcapsule/nano-SiO2/epoxy composite dielectric[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2022, 37(6): 1564-1571. [14] 丁咪, 邹亮, 张黎, 等. 功能化掺杂对交联环氧树脂/碳纳米管复合材料热力学性能影响的分子动力学模拟[J]. 电工技术学报, 2021, 36(23): 5046-5057. Ding Mi, Zou Liang, Zhang Li, et al.Molecular dynamics simulation of the influence of functionalized doping on thermodynamic properties of cross-linked epoxy/carbon nanotube composites[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2021, 36(23): 5046-5057. [15] Park J J, Lee J Y, Lee H K.Surface modification of nanosilica with epoxy-terminated silicone and its effect on the electrical breakdown strength in epoxy/nanosilica nanocomposite[J]. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2017, 17(10): 7598-7602. [16] Lee S H, Choi Y.Effect of nano-sized oxide particles on thermal and electrical properties of epoxy silica composites[J]. The Physics of Metals and Metallography, 2014, 115(13): 1295-1299. [17] Huang Xingyi, Zhi Chunyi, Jiang Pingkai, et al.Polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane-modified boron nitride nanotube based epoxy nanocomposites: an ideal dielectric material with high thermal conductivity[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2013, 23(14): 1824-1831. [18] 李元, 郜晶, 朱光远, 等. 液相等离子体技术制备碳纳米材料的进展与趋势[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2021, 41(8): 2909-2919. Li Yuan, Gao Jing, Zhu Guangyuan, et al.Advances and trends of carbon nanomaterial synthesis by liquid-plasma processing[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2021, 41(8): 2909-2919. [19] 龚瑾, 李喆, 刘新月. 氧化铝/环氧树脂复合材料空间电荷特性与高温高湿环境下交流电场老化[J]. 电工技术学报, 2016, 31(18): 191-198. Gong Jin, Li Zhe, Liu Xinyue.Space charge and AC field aging in high hygrothermal environment of alumina/epoxy resin composites[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2016, 31(18): 191-198. [20] 杜伯学, 张莹, 孔晓晓, 等. 环氧树脂绝缘电树枝劣化研究进展[J]. 电工技术学报, 2022, 37(5): 1128-1135, 1157. Du Boxue, Zhang Ying, Kong Xiaoxiao, et al.Research progress on electrical tree in epoxy resin insulation[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2022, 37(5): 1128-1135, 1157. [21] 王旗, 李喆, 尹毅. 微、纳米无机颗粒/环氧树脂复合材料击穿强度性能[J]. 电工技术学报, 2014, 29(12): 230-235. Wang Qi, Li Zhe, Yin Yi.The effect of micro and nano inorganic filler on the breakdown strength of epoxy resin[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2014, 29(12): 230-235. [22] Dong Jinhua, Shao Zhihui, Wang Yang, et al.Effect of temperature gradient on space charge behavior in epoxy resin and its nanocomposites[J]. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2017, 24(3): 1537-1546. [23] Zhang Siyu, Chen G, Zhang Hongliang, et al.Experimental and simulation study on space charge characteristics of epoxy resin filled with graphene oxide[J]. IET Science, Measurement & Technology, 2019, 13(3): 426-434. [24] 李媛媛, 田慕琴, 雷志鹏, 等. 添加二氧化硅纳米颗粒对环氧树脂介电和空间电荷特性的影响[J]. 高电压技术, 2018, 44(6): 1870-1877. Li Yuanyuan, Tian Muqin, Lei Zhipeng, et al.Effect of silicon dioxide nano-filler on dielectric and space charge properties of epoxy resin[J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2018, 44(6): 1870-1877. [25] 李进, 王雨帆, 杜伯学, 等. 环氧树脂/富勒烯纳米复合材料空间电荷注入特性[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2022, 42(13): 4974-4982. Li Jin, Wang Yufan, Du Boxue, et al.Space charge injection characteristics of epoxy/C60 nano- composite[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2022, 42(13): 4974-4982. [26] Dai Chao, Chen Xiangrong, Jiang Tie, et al.Improvement of electrical and material properties of epoxy resin/aluminum nitride nanocomposites for packaging materials[J]. Polymer Testing, 2020, 86: 106502. [27] Dai Chao, Zhu Guangyu, Tanaka Y, et al.Space charge performance of epoxy composites with improved thermal property at high temperature under high electric field[J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2022, 139(13): 51877. [28] 吴旭辉, 吴广宁, 杨雁, 等. 等离子体改性纳米粒子对聚酰亚胺复合薄膜陷阱特性影响[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2018, 38(11): 3410-3418. Wu Xuhui, Wu Guangning, Yang Yan, et al.Influence of nanoparticle plasma modification on trap properties of polyimide composite films[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2018, 38(11): 3410-3418. [29] Tanaka T.Dielectric nanocomposites with insulating properties[J]. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2005, 12(5): 914-928. [30] Santos B, Cacot L, Boucher C, et al.Electrostatic enhancement factor for the coagulation of silicon nanoparticles in low-temperature plasmas[J]. Plasma Sources Science and Technology, 2019, 28(4): 045002. [31] Dai Chao, Chen Xiangrong, Wang Qilong, et al.Electrical and thermal performances of epoxy-based micro-nano hybrid composites at different electric fields and temperatures[J]. Nanotechnology, 2021, 32(31): 315715.
2023, Vol. 38 
