Abstract：The large-scale integration of wind power into the grid has significantly reduced the frequency stability of the power system. To ensure the safe and stable operation of the power system, wind turbines participating in the grid are required to actively engage in primary frequency control and provide effective frequency support. However, the frequent fluctuations in grid frequency can cause frequent variations in the electromagnetic torque of the generators, and their sensitive mechanical structures may bear greater fatigue loads. The accumulation of these fatigue loads poses a threat to the safe and stable operation of the units and shortens the lifespan of the equipment. In order to reduce the risk of shaft fracture due to the accumulation of fatigue loads in the shaft system caused by the participation of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) in frequency modulation, this paper proposes a frequency-segmented response-based coordinated frequency modulation control strategy for wind and energy storage systems. Firstly, a transfer function from the electromagnetic torque of the generator to the angular velocity of the transmission chain is derived through the wind turbine drive train model, and the amplitude-frequency characteristic curve is analyzed. Using the constructed fatigue load sensitivity model for wind turbines, the relationship between the fluctuations in the transmission chain shaft torque and power fluctuations is revealed. Secondly, a frequency-segmented response strategy for wind and energy storage is designed. The virtual inertia of the wind turbine and droop control are used to calculate the real-time frequency modulation power. The optimization objectives are the fluctuations in shaft torque and energy storage output. The optimal decision variables are obtained through a sequential quadratic programming algorithm, taking into account load fluctuation factors, and real-time adjustments are made to the filter parameters to avoid the natural oscillation frequency of the shaft system, thus distributing the frequency modulation power between the wind turbine and the energy storage system. Finally, a joint simulation platform of Matlab/Simulink-GH Bladed is built, and simulation validation is conducted. Using only the output of the wind turbine rotor kinetic energy and the proportional output of wind storage as a comparison strategy, the simulation process controls the average output of wind storage to avoid the impact of accumulated output. The frequency division strategy and dynamic frequency division strategy are verified under varying average wind speeds and single load variations, as well as turbulent wind speeds and continuous load fluctuations. The simulation results under different working conditions indicate that the proposed strategy ensures a rapid response in frequency and significantly reduces the torque and angular fluctuation amplitude of the wind turbine shaft system, greatly lowering the equivalent fatigue load on the shaft system. Based on the analysis and simulation verification, the main conclusions obtained are as follows: (1) By deducing the transmission chain’s second-order equations for a generator’s electromagnetic torque, the transfer function of the electromagnetic torque affecting the transmission chain's twist speed was derived. Results indicate that the effect of the electromagnetic torque acting as an input on the transmission chain’s twist velocity is maximum around the natural oscillation frequency. Therefore, considering that the modulated power signal should be divided into frequency bands after passing through low-pass filtering, phase and amplitude compensation, it is allocated to both the fan and the energy storage system. (2) By constructing a fatigue load sensitivity model for wind turbines, it was clearly elucidated that fluctuations in drive chain torque corresponded to variations in active power. Based on this relationship, an optimized dynamic frequency shifting method was proposed, with torque fluctuations and energy storage output as the optimization targets. (3) Simulation results indicate that, in ensuring rapid frequency response, the proposed method significantly reduces the torque and angular fluctuation of the rotor shaft system as well as significantly lowers its equivalent fatigue load.
董清, 张睿哲, 颜湘武, 任浩洋, 蔡光. 计及轴系疲劳载荷的风储联合一次调频控制策略[J]. 电工技术学报, 2026, 41(3): 912-923.
Dong Qing, Zhang Ruizhe, Yan Xiangwu, Ren Haoyang, Cai Guang. A Primary Frequency Control Strategy for Wind-Storage Combined Systems Considering Shaft Fatigue Loads. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2026, 41(3): 912-923.
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2026, Vol. 41 
