Adaptive Low-Voltage Ride-Through Control Strategy of Grid-Forming Energy Storage Converter
Li Jianlin1, Zou Fei1, You Honghao1, Yuan Xiaodong2
1. National User-Side Energy Storage Innovation Research and Development Center North China University of Technology Beijing 100144 China; 2. State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co. Ltd Electric Power Science Research Institute Nanjing 211103 China
Abstract：With a high proportion of power electronic devices connected to the power system, the new power system presents low inertia, low impedance, weak stability and other characteristics, and the risk of operational security increases. In this regard, the grid-forming energy storage converter should be emerged, the grid-forming energy storage converter gives inner loop voltage control the amplitude and phase angle through the power external loop control, presenting the voltage source characteristics. It has active anti-interference, active support characteristics, can effectively solve the problems faced by the new power systems. However, when the system is disturbed and the voltage falls to different degrees, the grid-forming energy storage is limited by the power angle curve of the power outer loop and the fixed active and reactive reference values, which will result in a large power angle instability and a disturbance current of more than 5 times. It threats the security and stability of the system operation. To address this problem, this paper firstly establishes a model of grid-forming energy storage converter. Based on the established model, the droop control power angle curve is plotted, and the transient destabilization mechanism of the grid-forming energy storage converter is analyzed under large disturbances. After analyzing the system, it is known that the stability of the system during large disturbances depends on the existence of an intersection between the system power angle curve and the active power reference value. At the same time, the size of the system disturbance current is affected by the degree of power angle change to a certain extent. Secondly, the disturbance current characteristics and its determining factors are analyzed, and the effect of direct current limiting control on the transient stability of the system is revealed. The analysis results show that the direct current limiting control tends to destabilize the system and cannot be directly used to limit the disturbance current. After theoretical analysis in this paper, it is found that the disturbance current size of the system is positively correlated with the difference between the converter out put voltage and the grid-side voltage, and the converter out put voltage size is correlated with the reference value of the power outer loop reactive power of the structural network type control. Therefore, during the disturbance period, the disturbance current can be limited by adjusting the system reactive power and then controlling the converter out put voltage. Based on the above theoretical analysis, an adaptive low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) control strategy for grid-forming energy storage converter is proposed, which can adjust the active and reactive reference values according to the degree of system perturbation, without switching the control strategy and changing the structure of the grid-forming control strategy. The energy storage converter still exhibits the characteristics of the voltage source during the distribution period, and it has the ability of active support for the system. It realizes effective limitation of the distribution current in the course of maintaining the stability of the system. At the same time, the disturbance current is effectively limited. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is verified by simulation and semi-physical experiment.
李建林, 邹菲, 游洪灏, 袁晓冬. 构网型储能变流器自适应低电压穿越控制策略[J]. 电工技术学报, 2025, 40(9): 2724-2737.
Li Jianlin, Zou Fei, You Honghao, Yuan Xiaodong. Adaptive Low-Voltage Ride-Through Control Strategy of Grid-Forming Energy Storage Converter. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2025, 40(9): 2724-2737.
[1] 郝艺, 周瑀涵, 刘晨曦, 等. 含跟网型储能的新能源多馈入系统小扰动电压支撑强度分析[J]. 电工技术学报, 2024, 39(11): 3569-3580. Hao Yi, Zhou Yuhan, Liu Chenxi, et al.Small-disturbance voltage support strength analysis for renewable multi-infeed system with grid-following energy storage[J]. Transactions of China Electro-technical Society, 2024, 39(11): 3569-3580. [2] 徐政. 新型电力系统背景下电网强度的合理定义及其计算方法[J]. 高电压技术, 2022, 48(10): 3805-3819. Xu Zheng.Reasonable definition and calculation method of power grid strength under the background of new type power systems[J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2022, 48(10): 3805-3819. [3] 罗家林, 陈超, 黄梅, 等. 弱电网矿区下构网型储能控制技术研究[J]. 高压电器, 2023, 59(7): 95-103. Luo Jialin, Chen Chao, Huang Mei, et al.research on grid-forming energy storage control technology in weak network mining area[J]. High Voltage Apparatus, 2023, 59(7):95-103. [4] 王盼宝, 王鹏, 李珅光, 等. 电网故障下构网型逆变器动态限流控制策略[J]. 高电压技术, 2022, 48(10): 3829-3837. WangPanbao, Wang Peng, LiShenguang, et al. dynamie current-limiting control strategy of grid-forming inverter under grid faults[J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2022, 48(10): 3829-3837. [5] 张保会, 王进, 李光辉, 等. 具有低电压穿越能力的风电接入电力系统继电保护的配合[J]. 电力自动化设备, 2012, 32(3): 1-6. Zhang Baohui, Wang Jin, Li Guanghui, et al.Cooperation of relay protection for grid-connected wind power with low-voltage ride-through capability[J]. Electric Power Automation Equipment, 2012, 32(3): 1-6. [6] Shuai Zhikang, Shen Chao, Yin Xin, et al.Fault analysis of inverter-interfaced distributed generators with different control schemes[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2018, 33(3): 1223-1235. [7] Pal A, Pal D, Panigrahi B K.A current saturation strategy for enhancing the low voltage ride-through capability of grid-forming inverters[J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, 2023, 70(3): 1009-1013. [8] Liang Zhigang, Lin Xinchun, Kang Yong, et al.Short circuit current characteristics analysis and improved current limiting strategy for three-phase three-leg inverter under asymmetric short circuit fault[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2018, 33(8): 7214-7228. [9] 贾科, 刘芸, 毕天姝, 等. 基于自适应虚拟阻抗的构网型新能源电源不对称故障穿越控制[J].中国电机工程学报, 2025, 45(8): 2946-2956. Jia Ke, Liu Yun, BiTianshu, et al. asymmetric fault ride through of grid-forming control of renewable energy based on adaptive virtual impedance[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2025, 45(8): 2946-2956. [10] 高长伟, 黄翀阳, 郑伟强, 等. 虚拟阻抗制动可再生能源机组低电压穿越控制[J]. 电力系统保护与控制, 2023, 51(10): 142-152. Gao Changwei, Huang Chongyang, Zheng Weiqiang, et al.Low voltage ride-through control of a renewable energy unit with virtual impedance braking[J]. Power System Protection and Control, 2023, 51(10): 142-152. [11] 刘航, 王跃, 刘永慧, 等. 基于定量设计虚拟阻抗的VSG低电压穿越策略[J]. 高电压技术, 2022, 48(1): 245-256. Liu Hang, Wang Yue, Liu Yonghui, et al.The LVRT strategy for VSG based on the quantitatively designed virtual impedance[J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2022, 48(1): 245-256. [12] Shuai Zhikang, Huang Wen, Shen Chao, et al.Characteristics and restraining method of fast transient inrush fault currents in synchronverters[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2017, 64(9): 7487-7497. [13] 李华, 高怀正, 郝悦, 等. 基于虚拟同步发电机低电压穿越的无缝切换控制策略[J]. 太阳能学报, 2021, 42(3): 114-120. Li Hua, Gao Huaizheng, Hao Yue, et al.Seamless switching control strategy for low voltage ride-through based on virtual synchronous generator[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2021, 42(3): 114-120. [14] 沈霞, 黄文, 帅智康. 基于准PR控制的虚拟同步逆变器故障冲击电流快速抑制方法研究[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2018, 38(16): 4768-4776, 4981. Shen Xia, Huang Wen, Shuai Zhikang.Research of inrush current restraining strategy based on quasi-PR control for synchronverter during grid fault[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2018, 38(16): 4768-4776, 4981. [15] Oureilidis K O, Demoulias C S.A fault clearing method in converter-dominated microgrids with conventional protection means[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2016, 31(6): 4628-4640. [16] Shuai Zhikang, Shen Chao, Liu Xuan, et al.Transient angle stability of virtual synchronous generators using Lyapunov's direct method[J]. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2019, 10(4): 4648-4661. [17] Huang Linbin, Xin Huanhai, Wang Zhen, et al.Transient stability analysis and control design of droop-controlled voltage source converters conside-ring current limitation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2019, 10(1): 578-591. [18] 尚磊, 胡家兵, 袁小明, 等. 电网对称故障下虚拟同步发电机建模与改进控制[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2017, 37(2): 403-412. Shang Lei, Hu Jiabing, Yuan Xiaoming, et al.Modeling and improved control of virtual synchronous generators under symmetrical faults of grid[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2017, 37(2): 403-412. [19] 孙正龙, 郝舒宇, 李明达, 等. 含构网型双馈风电的电力系统低频振荡能量结构分析方法[J]. 电工技术学报, 2025, 40(5): 1411-1426. Sun Zhenglong, Hao Shuyu, Li Mingda, et al.Low frequency oscillation analysis method for grid-forming doubly-fed wind power systems based on energy structures[J]. Transactions of China Electro-technical Society, 2025, 40(5): 1411-1426. [20] Li Jianlin, You Honghao, Liu Shuo, et al.Active disturbance rejection distributed secondary control for DC microgrids[J]. High Voltage, 2024, 9(1): 241-251. [21] 高家元, 黄帅, 姜飞, 等. 弱电网下基于比例权重的控制环参数自适应调整并网逆变器稳定性提升方法[J]. 电工技术学报, 2024, 39(24): 7846-7859. Gao Jiayuan, Huang Shuai, Jiang Fei, et al.stability improvement method of grid-connected inverter based onproportional weight control loop parameters adaptive adiustmentunder weak grid[J]. Transactions of China ElectrotechnicalSociety, 2024, 39(24): 7846-7859. [22] 纪君奇, 杨黎晖, 马西奎. 基于虚拟同步发电机控制的并网逆变器切换型振荡及其非光滑分岔特性[J]. 电工技术学报, 2024, 39(24): 7860-7873. Ji Junqi, YangLihui, Ma Xikui. Switched oscillation and its non-smooth bifurcation characteristics in grid-connected inverter based on virtual synchronous generator control[J]. Transactions of China Electro-technical Society, 2024, 39(24): 7860-7873. [23] 李亚楼, 赵飞, 樊雪君. 构网型储能及其应用综述[J]. 发电技术, 2025, 46(2): 386-398. Li Yalou, Zhao Fei, Fan Xuejun.A review of grid-forming energy storage and its applications[J]. Power Generation Technology, 2025, 46(2): 386-398. [24] 刘欣, 郭志博, 贾焦心, 等. 基于序阻抗的虚拟同步发电机并网稳定性分析及虚拟阻抗设计[J]. 电工技术学报, 2023, 38(15): 4130-4146. Liu Xin, Guo Zhibo, Jia Jiaoxin, et al.Stability analysis and virtual impedance design of virtual synchronous machine based on sequence impedance[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2023, 38(15): 4130-4146. [25] 中国电工技术学会. 构网型储能系统并网技术规范: T/CES 243—2023[S]. 北京: 中国电工技术学会, 2023. [26] 吕思卓, 郑超, 姜静雅. 基于功率指令切换的双级式构网型光伏故障穿越控制策略[J]. 电网技术, 2024, 48(3): 1281-1290. Lü Sizhuo, Zheng Chao, Jiang Jingya.Fault ride-through control strategy for double-stage grid-forming photovoltaic based on power order switching[J]. Power System Technology, 2024, 48(3): 1281-1290. [27] 吴丽丽, 茆美琴, 施永. 含主动限流控制的MMC-HVDC电网直流短路故障电流解析计算[J]. 电工技术学报, 2024, 39(3): 785-797. Wu Lili, Mao Meiqin, Shi Yong.Analytical calculation of DC short-circuit fault current of modularmulti-level converter-HVDC grid with active current limiting control[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2024, 39(3): 785-797. [28] 杨欢红, 焦伟, 黄文焘, 等. 考虑暂态功角稳定和故障限流的并网逆变器下垂暂态控制策略[J]. 电力系统保护与控制, 2023, 51(23): 59-70. Yang Huanhong, Jiao Wei, Huang Wentao, et al.Droop transient control strategy considering transient power angle stability and fault current limitation of a grid-connected inverter[J]. Power System Protection and Control, 2023, 51(23): 59-70. [29] 葛平娟, 肖凡, 涂春鸣, 等. 考虑故障限流的下垂控制型逆变器暂态控制策略[J]. 电工技术学报, 2022, 37(14): 3676-3687. Ge Pingjuan, Xiao Fan, Tu Chunming, et al.Transient control strategy of droop-controlled inverter considering fault current imitation[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2022, 37(14): 3676-3687.
2025, Vol. 40 
