Passivity-Based Control Strategy and Parameter Design Method for Fuel Cell-Lithium Battery Hybrid Power Supply System
Ao Wenjie1, Chen Jiawei1, Chen Jie2, Chen Pengwei2
1. School of Automation Chongqing University Chongqing 400044 China; 2. College of Automation Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing 211106 China
Abstract：Multi-source hybrid power supply technology can effectively utilize the performance of different power supply units and is widely used in electrified transportation systems. However, as more and more loads with constant power characteristics and strong pulsation characteristics are connected to the system, the system's large-signal stability and dynamic performance are hard to guarantee. Recently, some nonlinear control methods were presented to enhance the stability and dynamic performance of the power supply. However, most existing studies have yet to consider the parameter design that takes into account the dynamic performance and stability of the system. Therefore, this paper designs a composite control method based on passivity-based control (PBC) and extended high-gain state observer (EHGSO) for the fuel cell (FC)-lithium battery (LB) hybrid power supply system (HPSS). The detailed design of the controller and observer parameters is provided, effectively ensuring the system's dynamic and static performance. First, a mathematical model of the Boost converter considering parameter uncertainty is established. The proposed mixed droop controller is employed and designed for decentralized power allocation. Then the PBC was designed, and its stability was strictly proved based on the Lyapunov stability theory. Due to parameter uncertainties, an EHGSO was employed to enhance the system's ability to cancel uncertainties. A general system parameter tuning method, which considers the converter's static and dynamic requirements, is finally proposed based on the small-signal analysis method. The simulation model and experimental platform are designed and established. Simulation and experimental results verify the composite controller and the proposed parameter design method. Specifically, the simulation results show that the dynamic response of the FC converter increases with the increase of virtual dissipation resistance and decreases with the rise of virtual dissipation conductance (both of which are adjustable parameters of the PBC controller). The rising time and overshoot are approximately 20 ms and 2% for the FC converter, 6 ms and 1% for the LB converter, and 10 ms and 4% for the EHGSO, respectively. In addition, the experimental results of the FC/LB HPSS with step-changing constant power load (CPL) show that when the CPL steps up from 0.3 kW (10% of full load) to 3 kW (full load), the FC unit responds slowly to load power changes and eventually provides all the load power. In contrast, the LB unit reacts quickly to sudden load power changes with a steady-state output power of 0 kW. In the process, the bus voltage is stable and smooth in the presence of the EHGSO. Similarly, in the case of pulsation load, the LB and FC units automatically supply power to high- and low-frequency loads, respectively. The output power of the FC unit is smoother with EHGSO. In summary, the following conclusions can be made: (1) The composite controller, composed of a PBC and an EHGSO, can allocate the load power to the FC and LB units in a decentralized way; (2) The small-signal modeling and analysis method can be employed to design the parameters of nonlinear controllers to satisfy the system's dynamic requirements. (3) The proposed parameter design method can be used as a general guideline for designing system parameters of HPSS when nonlinear controllers are adopted.
[1] Cano Z P, Banham D, Ye Siyu, et al.Batteries and fuel cells for emerging electric vehicle markets[J]. Nature Energy, 2018, 3(4): 279-289. [2] 高锋阳, 高翾宇, 张浩然, 等. 全局与瞬时特性兼优的燃料电池有轨电车能量管理策略[J/OL]. 电工技术学报: 1-17[2022-10-25]. DOI: 10.19595/j.cnki. 1000-6753.tces.221297. Gao Fengyang, Gao Xuanyu, Zhang Haoran, et al.Management strategy for fuel cell trams with both global and transient characteristics[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 1-17[2022-10-25]. DOI: 10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.221297. [3] 高锋阳, 张浩然, 王文祥, 等. 氢燃料电池有轨电车混合储能系统的节能运行优化[J]. 电工技术学报, 2022, 37(3): 686-696. Gao Fengyang, Zhang Haoran, Wang Wenxiang, et al.Energy saving operation optimization of hybrid energy storage system for hydrogen fuel cell tram[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2022, 37(3): 686-696. [4] 邵志刚, 衣宝廉. 氢能与燃料电池发展现状及展望[J]. 中国科学院院刊, 2019, 34(4): 469-477. Shao Zhigang, Yi Baolian.Development status and prospect of hydrogen energy and fuel cell[J]. Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2019, 34(4): 469-477. [5] Turpin C, Morin B, Bru E, et al.Power for aircraft emergencies: a hybrid proton-exchange membrane H2/O2 fuel cell and ultracapacitor system[J]. IEEE Electrification Magazine, 2017, 5(4): 72-85. [6] Azib T, Bethoux O, Remy G, et al.An innovative control strategy of a single converter for hybrid fuel cell/supercapacitor power source[J]. IEEE Transa-ctions on Industrial Electronics, 2010, 57(12): 4024-4031. [7] Gu Yunjie, Li Wuhua, He Xiangning.Frequency-coordinating virtual impedance for autonomous power management of DC microgrid[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2015, 30(4): 2328-2337. [8] Zhang Yuru, Li Yunwei.Energy management strategy for supercapacitor in droop-controlled DC microgrid using virtual impedance[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2017, 32(4): 2704-2716. [9] Xu Qianwen, Xiao Jianfang, Hu Xiaolei, et al.A decentralized power management strategy for hybrid energy storage system with autonomous bus voltage restoration and state-of-charge recovery[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2017, 64(9): 7098-7108. [10] 宋清超, 陈家伟, 蔡坤城, 等. 多电飞机用燃料电池-蓄电池-超级电容混合供电系统的高可靠动态功率分配技术[J]. 电工技术学报, 2022, 37(2): 445-458. Song Qingchao, Chen Jiawei, Cai Kuncheng, et al.A highly reliable power allocation technology for the fuel cell-battery-supercapacitor hybrid power supply system of a more electric aircraft[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2022, 37(2): 445-458. [11] 杨兴武, 杨帆, 薛花, 等. 基于占空比调制的模块化多电平换流器模型预测控制[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2021, 45(17): 134-142. Yang Xingwu, Yang Fan, Xue Hua, et al.Duty-cycle modulation based model predictive control of modular multilevel converter[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2021, 45(17): 134-142. [12] 赵冬冬, 李海言, 夏磊, 等. 航空燃料电池用馈流式半桥DC/DC变换器预测优化控制研究[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2022, 42(17): 6436-6449. Zhao Dongdong, Li Haiyan, Xia Lei, et al.Research on predictive optimization control of current-fed half-bridge DC/DC converter for aerospace fuel cells[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2022, 42(17): 6436-6449. [13] Wang Daming, Shen Z J, Yin Xin, et al.Model predictive control using artificial neural network for power converters[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2022, 69(4): 3689-3699. [14] 许加柱, 王家禹, 刘裕兴, 等. 引入负载扰动观测的Boost变换器定频滑模控制[J/OL]. 电源学报, 2022: 1-10 [2022-06-23]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/12.1420.TM.20220622.1342.002.html. Xu Jiazhu, Wang Jiayu, Liu Yuxing, et al. Fixed-frequency sliding mode control with load disturbance observation for boost converter[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2022: 1-10 [2022-06-23]. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/12.1420.TM.20220622.1342.002.html. [15] Hao Xinyang, Salhi I, Laghrouche S, et al.Observer-based adaptive sliding mode control of interleaved boost converter for fuel cell vehicles[C]//47th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2021: 1-5. [16] Babes B, Mekhilef S, Boutaghane A, et al.Fuzzy approximation-based fractional-order nonsingular terminal sliding mode controller for DC-DC buck converters[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Elec-tronics, 2022, 37(3): 2749-2760. [17] Hao Xinyang, Salhi I, Laghrouche S, et al.Back-stepping supertwisting control of four-phase inter-leaved Boost converter for PEM fuel cell[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2022, 37(7): 7858-7870. [18] Xu Qianwen, Xu Yan, Zhang Chuanlin, et al.A robust droop-based autonomous controller for decentralized power sharing in DC microgrid considering large-signal stability[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2020, 16(3): 1483-1494. [19] Xu Qianwen, Jiang Wentao, Blaabjerg F, et al.Back-stepping control for large signal stability of high boost ratio interleaved converter interfaced DC microgrids with constant power loads[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2020, 35(5): 5397-5407. [20] 陈鹏伟, 刘奕泽, 阮新波, 等. 电力电子化电力系统随机电磁暂态仿真算法[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2021, 41(11): 3829-3841. Chen Pengwei, Liu Yize, Ruan Xinbo, et al.Stochastic electromagnetic transient simulation algo-rithm applied to power electronics dominated power system[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2021, 41(11): 3829-3841. [21] 陈鹏伟, 姜文伟, 阮新波, 等. 直流配电系统有源阻尼控制的阻抗释义与谐振点灵敏度参数调节方法[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2021, 41(19): 6616-6630. Chen Pengwei, Jiang Wenwei, Ruan Xinbo, et al.Impedance explanation and resonance point sensitivity-based parameter design method of active damping applied to DC distribution system[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2021, 41(19): 6616-6630. [22] 李史玉, 李建国, 张雅静, 等. 基于扩张状态观测器补偿的Boost变换器无源控制[J]. 电力系统及其自动化学报, 2022, 34(6): 34-41. Li Shiyu, Li Jianguo, Zhang Yajing, et al.Passivity-based control of boost converter based on extended state observer compensation[J]. Proceedings of the CSU-EPSA, 2022, 34(6): 34-41. [23] 王勉, 唐芬, 陈麒宇, 等. DC-DC变换器并联系统无源控制及大信号稳定性研究[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2022, 42(18): 6789-6803. Wang Mian, Tang Fen, Chen Qiyu, et al.Passivity-based control and large signal stability of DC-DC converter parallel system[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2022, 42(18): 6789-6803. [24] 崔健, 王久和, 李建国, 等. 基于扩张状态观测器估计补偿的Buck变换器带恒功率负载无源控制[J]. 电工技术学报, 2019, 34(增刊1): 171-180. Cui Jian, Wang Jiuhe, Li Jianguo, et al.Research on passivity-based control of buck converter with constant power load based on extend state observer estimating and compensating[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2019, 34(S1): 171-180. [25] 王路, 王久和, 赵燕, 等. Buck-Boost变换器PI+ PBC控制器参数的多目标优化[J]. 电力系统及其自动化学报, 2022, 34(11): 84-91, 99. Wang Lu, Wang Jiuhe, Zhao Yan, et al.Multi-objective optimization of PI+PBC controller parameters for buck-boost converter[J]. Proceedings of the CSU-EPSA, 2022, 34(11): 84-91, 99. [26] Song Qingchao, Wang Lei, Chen Jiawei.A decentra-lized energy management strategy for a fuel cell-battery hybrid electric vehicle based on composite control[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Elec-tronics, 2021, 68(7): 5486-5496. [27] Ortega R, Loría A, Nicklasson P J, et al.Passivity-based control of Euler-Lagrange systems: mechanical, electrical, and electromechanical applications[M]. London: Springer-Verlag, 1998. [28] Freidovich L B, Khalil H K.Performance recovery of feedback-linearization-based designs[J]. IEEE Transa-ctions on Automatic Control, 2008, 53(10): 2324-2334.
2024, Vol. 39 
