Geomagnetic Induction Modeling and Peak Response Characteristics of Oil/Gas Pipeline Networks under Late-Time High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse
Liu Minzhou1, Dou Qing1,2, Du Yuxiang3, Zhang Jiaming1, Xie Yanzhao1
1. National Key Laboratory for High Energy Pulsed Power Xi’an Jiaotong University Xi’an 710049 China; 2. State Grid Tianjin Electric Power Company High Voltage Branch Tianjin 300232 China; 3. School of Software Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong University Xi’an 710049 China
Abstract：The late-time high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) induces geoelectric fields at the earth’s surface through disturbances in the geomagnetic fields. The geoelectric fields generate geomagnetically induced currents and pipe-to-soil potentials in pipelines, which pose a potential threat to the safe operation of oil/gas pipeline networks. Hence, assessing the electromagnetic coupling response characteristics of pipeline networks to late-time HEMP is critical for ensuring infrastructure resilience. The coupling mechanisms of late-time HEMP and geomagnetic storms on pipelines are similar; however, significant differences exist in their space current source systems and the associated electromagnetic environment distributions. Toward the quantitative assessment of electromagnetic interference on pipeline networks caused by late-time HEMP environments, this paper establishes an electromagnetic coupling model to evaluate the voltage and current responses in pipeline networks under late-time HEMP. Furthermore, the study analyzes the influence of pipeline length, terminal load impedance, spatial orientation and coating defects on the peak response. Finally, the distribution characteristics of pipeline responses are compared during E3A and E3B phases of late-time HEMP. This study presents a comparative analysis of the spatial distribution and peak response of the geomagnetic induction in pipeline networks in cases of spatially uniform and non-uniform geoelectric fields induced by late-time HEMP. It constitutes an effective tool for identifying the worst-case scenarios and vulnerable areas under late-time HEMP environments. For a uniform geoelectric field distribution, explicit formulas are derived for the peak responses of the voltage and current in the pipeline, along with their corresponding spatial coordinates. For a non-uniform geoelectric field distribution, the statistical distribution of the pipeline’s peak response is provided using a spatial sampling method. With respect to the peak response of a single pipeline under a uniform electric field, the maximum peak voltage occurs when one terminal is ideally grounded and the other is ideally insulated, whereas the maximum peak current occurs when both terminals are ideally grounded. When the pipeline is grounded asymmetrically at both terminals, the peak voltage appears at the terminal with higher grounding resistance, whereas the peak current arises in the pipeline section in proximity to the terminal with lower grounding resistance. Both peak voltage and current rise progressively with pipeline length before approaching saturation, and the length at which 95% of the saturated response is attained can reach several hundred kilometers. The peak voltage exhibits a shorter saturation length of the pipeline than current, corresponding to a faster saturation process. The saturation level of voltage depends on the propagation constant of the pipeline, whereas that of current depends on the series impedance per unit length. Moreover, the analysis reveals a significant enhancing effect of the lateral earth conductivity heterogeneity on the pipeline responses. Results for the coastal case study presented indicate that the PSP amplitude increases by over 20% compared with the 1D layered earth model. Substantial spatial variations in voltage response are observed throughout the pipeline network under non-uniform E3B geoelectric fields with different ground zero locations. For both the E3A and E3B phases, east-west oriented pipelines exhibit relatively higher peak responses, whereas north-south oriented pipelines show relatively lower peak responses. Case results indicate that during the E3B phase, the peak response of east-west oriented pipelines exceeds that of north-south oriented pipelines by over 70%. Future work will further investigate the influence of variations in field source parameters and realistic earth resistivity structures on the electromagnetic coupling response of pipeline networks to late-time HEMP.
[1] 谢彦召, 刘民周, 陈宇浩. 国家关键基础设施电磁恢复力[J]. 强激光与粒子束, 2019, 31(7): 070001. Xie Yanzhao, Liu Minzhou, Chen Yuhao.Electro-magnetic resilience of critical national infrastructure[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2019, 31(7): 070001. [2] 杨庆新, 祝丽花. 复杂空间电磁环境下智能电工装备的安全与防护[J]. 电工技术学报, 2025, 40(24): 7819-7831. Yang Qingxin, Zhu Lihua.Safety and protection of intelligent electrical equipment in complex space electromagnetic environment[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2025, 40(24): 7819-7831. [3] 海潇然, 张显睿, 李仙丽, 等. 用于高功率瞬态电磁脉冲测量的宽频带集成光波导电场传感器[J]. 电工技术学报, 2025, 40(17): 5642-5651. Hai Xiaoran, Zhang Xianrui, Li Xianli, et al.Broadband integrated optical waveguide electric field sensor for high-power transient electromagnetic pulse measurement[J]. Transactions of China Electrotech-nical Society, 2025, 40(17): 5642-5651. [4] 秦锋, 王旭桐, 陈伟, 等. 强电磁脉冲下线路绝缘子闪络特性试验研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 2023, 38(13): 3640-3650. Qin Feng, Wang Xutong, Chen Wei, et al.Experimental study on flashover characteristics of line insulator under strong electromagnetic pulse[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2023, 38(13): 3640-3650. [5] Barnes P R, McConnell B W, Van Dyke J W. Electromagnetic pulse research on electric power systems: program summary and recommendations: ORNL-6708[R]. Oak Ridge, TN, USA: Oak Ridge National Labs, 1992. [6] 王建国. 高空核爆炸磁流体动力学电磁脉冲[J]. 强激光与粒子束, 2024, 36(7): 073001. Wang Jianguo.Magnetohydrodynamic electromag-netic pulse produced by high altitude nuclear explosion[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2024, 36(7): 073001. [7] Gilbert J, Kappenman J, Radasky W, et al.The late-time (E3) high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) and its impact on the U.S. power grid: Meta-R-321[R]. Goleta, California: Metatech Corporation, 2010. [8] 杨一帆, 刘民周, 谢彦召, 等. 高空电磁脉冲晚期成分作用下500 kV变压器无功损耗仿真研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 2024, 39(1): 267-277. Yang Yifan, Liu Minzhou, Xie Yanzhao, et al.Simulation research on reactive power loss characteristic of 500 kV transformer under late-time high-altitude electromagnetic pulses[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2024, 39(1): 267-277. [9] 王古玥, 王泽忠, 刘春明. 高空电磁脉冲晚期成分作用下变压器的等效电感及无功损耗特性[J]. 电工技术学报, 2025, 40(18): 5728-5741. Wang Guyue, Wang Zezhong, Liu Chunming.Equivalent inductance and reactive power loss characteristics of transformer under late-time high-altitude electromagnetic pulse[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2025, 40(18): 5728-5741. [10] 刘彤宇, 李丽, 王亚楠, 等. 高空电磁脉冲晚期环境下电力系统效应研究进展[J]. 强激光与粒子束, 2024, 36(5): 055020. Liu Tongyu, Li Li, Wang Yanan, et al.Research progress on power system effects in late-time high-altitude electromagnetic pulses environment[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2024, 36(5): 055020. [11] 刘民周, 杨一帆, 窦青, 等. 复杂大地结构下极端感应地电场对电网电压稳定性的影响[J]. 强激光与粒子束, 2025, 37(6): 066001. Liu Minzhou, Yang Yifan, Dou Qing, et al.Effects of extreme geoelectric fields on power system voltage stability considering complex earth conductivity structures[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2025, 37(6): 066001. [12] 高志伟, 周于翔, 朱思熠. 晚期HEMP作用下铁路牵引供电系统GIC算法研究[J]. 强激光与粒子束, 2021, 33(9): 093001. Gao Zhiwei, Zhou Yuxiang, Zhu Siyi.Study on GIC algorithm of railway traction power supply system under action of late time HEMP[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2021, 33(9): 093001. [13] 郑鑫, 杜贵府, 李巧月, 等. 城轨直流牵引供电多回流路径耦合建模及回流安全参数动态分布[J]. 电工技术学报, 2024, 39(15): 4630-4642. Zheng Xin, Du Guifu, Li Qiaoyue, et al.Multiple reflux paths coupling modeling for urban rail DC traction power supply and dynamic distribution of reflux safety parameters[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2024, 39(15): 4630-4642. [14] 雍静, 朱子齐, 王晓静. 架空电力线路对输油气管道的谐波感应研究: 评估方法及影响因素[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2021, 41(9): 3130-3139. Yong Jing, Zhu Ziqi, Wang Xiaojing.Investigating the overhead line caused harmonic induction on pipeline: evaluation method and impact factors[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2021, 41(9): 3130-3139. [15] 董钊, 汪倩冰, 王胜, 等. 交叉线路条件下输电线路对油气管道感应电位的影响[J/OL]. 电气工程学报, 2025: 1-10. (2025-12-30)[2026-05-26]. https://link.cnki.net/urlid/10.1289.TM.20251230.1630.004. Dong Zhao, Wang Qianbing, Wang Sheng, et al. Effect of transmission lines on the potential of oil and gas pipeline shells under cross-line conditions[J/OL]. Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2025: 1-10. (2025-12-30)[2026-05-26]. https://link.cnki.net/urlid/10.1289.TM.20251230.1630.004. [16] 齐磊, 原辉, 崔翔. 埋地金属管与架空电力线路并行时管道饱和平行长度及最大金属电位计算[J]. 高电压技术, 2011, 37(10): 2601-2606. Qi Lei, Yuan Hui, Cui Xiang.Calculation of critical length and maximum metal voltage for underground metal pipeline in parallel with the overhead power transmission line[J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2011, 37(10): 2601-2606. [17] Zhang Juqiu, Liang Zhishan.Effects of high-altitude electromagnetic pulse on buried pipeline[J]. International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, 2017, 55(4): 507-522. [18] 刘青, 王晨东, 李湛宇, 等. 埋地管道HEMP响应的不确定度量化[J]. 电工技术学报, 2019, 34(9): 1789-1797. Liu Qing, Wang Chendong, Li Zhanyu, et al.Uncertainty quantification of response of buried pipeline to high-altitude electromagnetic pulse[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2019, 34(9): 1789-1797. [19] 张举丘, 梁志珊. 高空核爆电磁脉冲E2部分对架空管道的影响[J]. 电子学报, 2019, 47(8): 1762-1767. Zhang Juqiu, Liang Zhishan.Effects of intermediate-time HEMP(E2) on overhead pipeline[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2019, 47(8): 1762-1767. [20] Pulkkinen A, Pirjola R, Boteler D, et al.Modelling of space weather effects on pipelines[J]. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 2001, 48(4): 233-256. [21] Trichtchenko L, Boteler D H.Modelling of geomagnetic induction in pipelines[J]. Annales Geophysicae, 2002, 20(7): 1063-1072. [22] Boteler D H.A new versatile method for modelling geomagnetic induction in pipelines[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 2012, 191(2): 98-109. [23] Ingham M, Divett T, Rodger C J, et al. Impacts of GIC on the New Zealand gas pipeline network[J]. Space Weather, 2022, 20(12): e2022SW003298. [24] Liu Minzhou, Xie Yanzhao, Dong Ning, et al.Numerical analysis of nonuniform geoelectric field impacts on geomagnetic induction in pipeline networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2022, 64(4): 999-1009. [25] Yu Zebang, Jiang Zhe.Research on PSP offset effect of hydrogen-electricity hybrid pipelines caused by geomagnetic storms[J]. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2021, 31(8): 0603304. [26] Wang Xuan, Zhang Shuming.Versatile method for modeling geomagnetically induced currents in ground-based systems[J]. Electric Power Systems Research, 2023, 217: 109108. [27] 刘连光, 张鹏飞, 王开让, 等. 基于大地电导率分层模型的油气管网地磁暴干扰评估方法[J]. 电网技术, 2015, 39(6): 1556-1561. Liu Lianguang, Zhang Pengfei, Wang Kairang, et al.Assessment of geomagnetic induction in pipeline based on layered-earth conductivity model[J]. Power System Technology, 2015, 39(6): 1556-1561. [28] 刘连光, 张鹏飞, 王开让, 等. 地磁暴侵害油气管道的管地电位效应[J]. 电工技术学报, 2016, 31(9): 68-74. Liu Lianguang, Zhang Pengfei, Wang Kairang, et al.PSP interference effect of geomagnetic storm on buried pipelines[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2016, 31(9): 68-74. [29] 梁志珊, 王鹏, 胡黎花, 等. 埋地油气管道地磁感应电流(GIC)的混沌特性研究[J]. 物理学报, 2014, 63(17): 96-104. Liang Zhishan, Wang Peng, Hu Lihua, et al.Chaotic characteristic study of GIC in buried steel oil pipeline[J]. Acta Physica Sinica, 2014, 63(17): 96-104. [30] 翟维枫, 梁志珊, 左信, 等. 地磁暴引起的埋地管道管地电位“波节”和“纠缠”分布特征[J]. 石油学报, 2020, 41(8): 1001-1010. Zhai Weifeng, Liang Zhishan, Zuo Xin, et al.Distribution characteristics of wave joint and entanglement of pipe-to-soil potential on buried pipeline induced by geomagnetic storm[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2020, 41(8): 1001-1010. [31] Ma Chenglian, Liu Chunming.Influence of pipeline insulation leakage points on the distribution of geomagnetically induced current and pipe-soil potential[J]. IEEE Access, 2019, 7: 147470-147480. [32] Liu Minzhou, Xie Yanzhao, Wu Yuying, et al.A generalized equivalence method for the calculation of low-frequency EMI on pipeline networks considering polarization effect[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2024, 39(3): 1827-1839. [33] 席志豪, 梁涛, 谢彦召, 等. 基于时域BLT方程的带绝缘线缆束场-线耦合模型[J]. 高电压技术, 2024, 50(2): 786-792. Xi Zhihao, Liang Tao, Xie Yanzhao, et al.Field-to-line coupling model for insulated wiring bundle based on time-domain BLT equation[J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2024, 50(2): 786-792. [34] Paul C R.Analysis of Multiconductor Transmission Lines[M]. 2nd ed. Hoboken: Wiley-Interscience, IEEE Press, 2008. [35] Viljanen A, Pulkkinen A, Pirjola R, et al. Recordings of geomagnetically induced currents and a nowcasting service of the Finnish natural gas pipeline system[J]. Space Weather, 2006, 4(10): 2006SW000234. [36] de Moraes J F, Paulino I, Alves L R, et al. Evaluation of possible corrosion enhancement due to telluric currents: case study of the Bolivia-Brazil pipeline[J]. Annales Geophysicae, 2020, 38(4): 881-888. [37] 郑宽. 大电网地磁感应电流影响因素及建模方法研究[D]. 北京: 华北电力大学, 2014. Zheng Kuan.Research on influence factors and modelling methods of geomagnetically induced currents in large power grid[D]. Beijing: North China Electric Power University, 2014.
2026, Vol. 41 
