电工技术学报  2024, Vol. 39 Issue (2): 378-396    DOI: 10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.221656
电机及其系统 |
永磁轮毂电机技术发展综述
关涛, 刘大猛, 何永勇
高端装备界面科学与技术全国重点实验室(清华大学机械工程系) 北京 100084
Review on Development of Permanent Magnet In-Wheel Motors
Guan Tao, Liu Dameng, He Yongyong
State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment Department of Mechanical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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摘要 电传动技术是车辆实现全电化的重要基础,电驱动系统是电动车辆的动力核心,而轮毂电驱系统是电驱动系统的终极驱动形式,轮毂电机的性能在轮毂电驱系统中具有决定性作用。首先,该文介绍了轮毂电驱系统的结构形式,对不同磁场类型的轮毂电机的优缺点进行了分析;其次,调研了目前市场主流轮毂电机产品的性能参数,为轮毂电机的研发提供参考目标;然后,针对轮毂电机高功率/转矩密度、宽转速运行范围、高运行效率和高可靠性等需求,分别调研了径向磁场、轴向磁场和横向磁场等不同类型的永磁轮毂电机的研究现状;最后,展望了不同磁场类型的永磁轮毂电机的发展方向。
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关涛
刘大猛
何永勇
关键词 动力系统电动汽车轮毂电机系统轮毂电机    
Abstract:Due to the advantages of small size, high power density, and high efficiency, the permanent magnet (PMSM) motor can be widely applied in electrical vehicles, new energy power generation, flywheel energy storage, machine tool equipment, and aerospace. This paper compares the characteristics and performance indicators of in-wheel motor products from domestic and international manufacturers. Then, the basic structure, characteristics, technology, and materials of the PMSM are dissected. Different schemes and structures are explored, with an emphasis on high efficiency, power density, reliability, and wide speed regulation. Finally, the common scientific problems of the PMSM motor are summarized, and the technical paths to improve the efficiency and power density are explored, providing a reference for future research and application of in-wheel motors.
Two primary integration forms for in-wheel motor drive systems, namely deceleration drive and direct drive, are discussed. The emergence of compact planetary reducers is highlighted, particularly for deceleration-driven hub motor systems, presenting great competitive advantages, especially in heavy-duty vehicle applications.
In the 21st century, in-wheel motor technology has been widely developed, with Foreign technologies leading the way, particularly in Europe. The main research and development enterprises are Schaeffler, Protean, Elaphe, NTN, TM4, and Michelin. The products of Schaeffler are all inner rotor structures. The products of Protean are outer rotor direct drive structures. Domestic technology is also continuously developing. Representatives are THIM Tianhai, Edes, Tate, and Shanghai Electric Drive. Shanghai Electric Drive and Shanghai University jointly developed an in-wheel motor with the same overall power density as the Protean's products.
According to the direction of the motor's magnetic field, a permanent magnet in-wheel motor can be divided into a radial flux motor, axial flux motor, and transverse flux motor. Radial flux motors remain mainstream in the market due to their low cost and mature technology. Axial flux motors exhibit the characteristics of axial compactness and high-power density, but the process is complex. The transverse flux motors have the characteristics of electromagnetic load decoupling, high power density, and high design freedom. However, their power factor is low with magnetic flux leakage and a complex structure.
New materials are critical in overcoming development bottlenecks of in-wheel motors. Achieving lightweight design, efficient heat dissipation capacity, and copper content are identified as key objectives to reduce losses, enhance torque movement, and improve operation efficiency. By leveraging electromagnetic characteristics, these innovations contribute to increased power/torque density, expanded speed operation range, and reduced NVH and motor cost.
Key wordsDynamic system    electric vehicle    in-wheel motor system    in-wheel motor   
收稿日期: 2022-08-30     
PACS: TM351  
基金资助:国家自然科学基金资助项目(52075284)
通讯作者: 刘大猛, 男,1979年生,副教授,博士生导师,研究方向为摩擦能量耗散机理、光电无损检测技术、复合检测仪器和柔性材料制造装备。E-mail: ldm@tsinghua.edu.cn   
作者简介: 关涛, 男,1992年生,硕士,中级工程师,研究方向为永磁电机设计及其控制技术。E-mail: guantao@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn
引用本文:   
关涛, 刘大猛, 何永勇. 永磁轮毂电机技术发展综述[J]. 电工技术学报, 2024, 39(2): 378-396. Guan Tao, Liu Dameng, He Yongyong. Review on Development of Permanent Magnet In-Wheel Motors. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2024, 39(2): 378-396.
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