Abstract：The widespread integration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) has made system rotational inertia and primary frequency response (PFR) capacity increasingly scarce, making it difficult for traditional methods relying on synchronous machines to fully ensure the frequency stability of the power system. IBRs, through additional frequency regulation controls, possess inertia and fast frequency response capabilities. Power system operators have recognized the need to incentivize multiple frequency regulation resources to provide inertia and primary frequency response (IPFR) services through market-based mechanisms. However, there is currently no market incentive mechanism in China to encourage IBRs to provide these services. In response, this paper introduces IPFR services into the existing ancillary services market and enables effective coordination with the energy market. First, a joint energy and IPFR market framework is proposed. Next, a frequency regulation model covering synchronous units, grid-forming (GFM) units, and grid-following (GFL) units is established, characterizing the system's frequency dynamic characteristics. Furthermore, a joint market clearing model is developed, and a reasonable pricing and clearing mechanism is formulated. This pricing mechanism determines the corresponding value compensation based on the frequency regulation capability of various resource types. Finally, the joint market clearing process is described in detail. Case studies are conducted using the modified PJM-5 and IEEE 118 node systems, and simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed IPFR market pricing mechanism. Compared to participating solely in the energy market, thermal power generators and renewable energy generators with GFM and GFL controls see an increase in their revenue in the energy-IPFR joint market by 79.69%, 24.95%, and 27.39%, respectively. The clearing prices of the energy market and the IPFR market are consistent in trend, reflecting the supply-demand relationship in the market at each time period. Specifically, during peak load periods, the energy market demand increases significantly, causing the clearing price to rise to its peak level. Meanwhile, if there is a load disturbance during this period, the system's demand for inertia and primary frequency response capacity also increases significantly. Accordingly, the market prices for inertia and primary frequency response coefficients also rise. Overall, the IPFR market clearing price trend is positively correlated with frequency stability risks. The following conclusions can be drawn from the case analysis: (1) This paper proposes a new energy-IPFR joint market framework, which allows various types of generators, including traditional thermal power plants and renewable energy generators with GFM and GFL controls, to participate. (2) A differentiated IPFR market pricing mechanism is designed for different generators. The proposed pricing mechanism reasonably assesses the market value of inertia and primary frequency response coefficients based on the contribution of synchronous units and inverter-based units to frequency stability. (3) The market framework proposed in this paper is scalable and has strong applicability under larger-scale market conditions.
徐辰宇, 赵冬梅, 路秋阳, 冯向阳. 考虑逆变器资源参与的惯量及一次调频市场定价机制研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 2025, 40(21): 7029-7045.
Xu Chenyu, Zhao Dongmei, Lu Qiuyang, Feng Xiangyang. Research on the Pricing Mechanism for Inertia and Primary Frequency Regulation in Markets Considering the Participation of Inverter-Based Resources. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2025, 40(21): 7029-7045.
[1] 颜湘武, 王德胜, 杨琳琳, 等. 直驱风机惯量支撑与一次调频协调控制策略[J]. 电工技术学报, 2021, 36(15): 3282-3292. Yan Xiangwu, Wang Desheng, Yang Linlin, et al.Coordinated control strategy of inertia support and primary frequency regulation of PMSG[J]. Trans- actions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2021, 36(15): 3282-3292. [2] 赵冬梅, 宋晨铭, 冯向阳, 等. 100%新能源场景下考虑频率稳定约束的源网荷储一体化系统储能优化配置[J]. 电工技术学报, 2025, 40(7): 2146-2161. Zhao Dongmei, Song Chenming, Feng Xiangyang, et al.The optimal configuration of energy storage in the source-grid-load-storage integrated system considering frequency stability constraints in 100% new energy scenarios[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2025, 40(7): 2146-2161. [3] Li Kexin, Guo Hongye, Fang Xichen, et al.Market mechanism design of inertia and primary frequency response with consideration of energy market[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2023, 38(6): 5701-5713. [4] 江一航, 赵书强, 王慧, 等. 计及风电、调相机支撑特性的频率安全约束分布鲁棒机组组合调度方法[J]. 电工技术学报, 2025, 40(1): 80-95. Jiang Yihang, Zhao Shuqiang, Wang Hui, et al.Distributionally robust frequency constrained unit commitment with frequency support of wind power and synchronous condenser[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2025, 40(1): 80-95. [5] 吴珊, 边晓燕, 张菁娴, 等. 面向新型电力系统灵活性提升的国内外辅助服务市场研究综述[J]. 电工技术学报, 2023, 38(6): 1662-1677. Wu Shan, Bian Xiaoyan, Zhang Jingxian, et al.A review of domestic and foreign ancillary services market for improving flexibility of new power system[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2023, 38(6): 1662-1677. [6] 陈春宇, 黄宸恺, 王剑晓, 等. 考虑风电不确定性的调频辅助服务市场多时间尺度出清调度策略[J]. 电工技术学报, 2024, 39(21): 6804-6818. Chen Chunyu, Huang Chenkai, Wang Jianxiao, et al.Multi-time-scale frequency regulation market clearing and dispatch strategy considering wind power uncertainty[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2024, 39(21): 6804-6818. [7] Milano F, Dörfler F, Hug G, et al.Foundations and challenges of low-inertia systems (invited paper)[C]// 2018 Power Systems Computation Conference (PSCC), Dublin, Ireland, 2018: 1-25. [8] Deeside Power Station begins world first power system stability contract with National Grid ESO | ESO [EB/OL]. [2024-08-05].https://www.nationalgrideso.com/news/deeside-power-station-begins-world-first-power-system-stability-contract-national-grid-eso. [9] 国家发展改革委, 国家能源局. 国家发展改革委国家能源局关于加快建设全国统一电力市场体系的指导意见[EB/OL].[2023-07-07]. https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2022-01/30/content_5671296.htm. [10] 陈熠, 王晗, 严正, 等. 全国统一电力市场演进过程下省间-省内市场出清及定价模型[J]. 电工技术学报, 2024, 39(7): 2116-2131. Chen Yi, Wang Han, Yan Zheng, et al.Inter-and intra- provincial electricity market clearing and pricing model under the evolution of national unified electricity market[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2024, 39(7): 2116-2131. [11] 张粒子, 陈皓轩, 黄弦超, 等. 电力交易产品细分市场协同机理研究[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2024, 44(16): 6320-6334. Zhang Lizi, Chen Haoxuan, Huang Xianchao, et al.Research on the synergistic mechanism of power trading product segments market[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2024, 44(16): 6320-6334. [12] Poolla B K, Bolognani S, Li Na, et al.A market mechanism for virtual inertia[J]. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2020, 11(4): 3570-3579. [13] Liang Zhirui, Mieth R, Dvorkin Y.Inertia pricing in stochastic electricity markets[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2023, 38(3): 2071-2084. [14] Paturet M, Markovic U, Delikaraoglou S, et al. Economic valuation and pricing of inertia in inverter- dominated power systems[J/OL]. ArXiv, 2020: 2005. 11029. https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.11029v1. [15] Ela E, Gevorgian V, Tuohy A, et al.Market designs for the primary frequency response ancillary service: part I: motivation and design[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2014, 29(1): 421-431. [16] Yang Yang, Peng J C, Ye Zhisheng.A market clearing mechanism considering primary frequency response rate[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2021, 36(6): 5952-5955. [17] Badesa L, Matamala C, Zhou Yujing, et al.Assigning shadow prices to synthetic inertia and frequency response reserves from renewable energy sources[J]. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2023, 14(1): 12-26. [18] Badesa L, Teng F, Strbac G.Pricing inertia and Frequency Response with diverse dynamics in a mixed- integer second-order cone programming formulation[J]. Applied Energy, 2020, 260: 114334. [19] 许诘翊, 刘威, 刘树, 等. 电力系统变流器构网控制技术的现状与发展趋势[J]. 电网技术, 2022, 46(9): 3586-3595. Xu Jieyi, Liu Wei, Liu Shu, et al.current state and development trends of power system converter grid- forming control technology[J]. Power System Technology, 2022, 46(9): 3586-3595. [20] 韩民晓, 范溢文, 刘金峻, 等. 换流器型电网的理念与探索[J]. 电网技术, 2023, 47(2): 539-555. Han Minxiao, Fan Yiwen1, Liu Jinjun, et al. Concept and practice of converter-based grid[J]. Power System Technology, 2023, 47(2): 539-555. [21] Lin Y, Eto J H, Johnson B B, et al.Research Roadmap on Grid-Forming Inverters[R]. Golden: National Renew- able Energy Laboratory (NREL), 2020. [22] 刘家豪, 王程, 毕天姝. 面向新能源电力系统频率时空动态的节点等效惯量指标及其应用[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2023, 43(20): 7773-7789. Liu Jiahao, Wang Cheng, Bi Tianshu.Node equivalent inertia index for temporal-spatial frequency dynamics of renewable energy power system and its applications[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2023, 43(20): 7773-7789. [23] Paolone M, Gaunt T, Guillaud X, et al.Fundamentals of power systems modelling in the presence of converter- interfaced generation[J]. Electric Power Systems Research, 2020, 189: 106811. [24] Matevosyan J, Badrzadeh B, Prevost T, et al.Grid- forming inverters: are they the key for high renewable penetration?[J]. IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 2019, 17(6): 89-98. [25] 闵勇, 陈磊, 姜齐荣. 电力系统稳定分析[M]. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2016. [26] Shi Qingxin, Li Fangxing, Cui Hantao.Analytical method to aggregate multi-machine SFR model with applications in power system dynamic studies[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2018, 33(6): 6355-6367. [27] She Buxin, Li Fangxing, Cui Hantao, et al.Virtual inertia scheduling (VIS) for real-time economic dispatch of IBR-penetrated power systems[J]. IEEE Trans- actions on Sustainable Energy, 2024, 15(2): 938-951. [28] Li Hao, Qiao Ying, Lu Zongxiang, et al.Frequency- constrained stochastic planning towards a high renewable target considering frequency response support from wind power[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2021, 36(5): 4632-4644. [29] Li Fangxing, Bo Rui.DCOPF-based LMP simulation: algorithm, comparison with ACOPF, and sensitivity[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2007, 22(4): 1475-1485. [30] Illinois Institute of Illinois Institute of Technology Electrical And Computer Engineering Database[DB/OL]. [2023-09-05]. http://motor.ece.iit.edu/data/.
2025, Vol. 40 
