Characterization of Slight Overcharge Cycle Aging of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Ultrasonic
Zhang Chuang1, Gao Langtao1,2, Liu Suzhen1,2, Zhang Jiaan1, Liu Wenjie1
1. State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300401 China; 2. Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300401 China
Abstract：Issues such as inconsistency among individual lithium-ion battery cells, charger malfunctions, and battery management system failures can lead to overcharging in lithium-ion batteries during operation. Most users' charging habits are fixed. Once slight overcharging occurs, it is inevitably accompanied by slight overcharging cycles. Although electrical signal parameters can be used to describe the external characteristics of batteries through circuit models, they cannot directly reflect the impact of overcharge-induced aging on the internal structure of the battery. Compared to electrical signals, ultrasonic detection technology has rapidly developed in battery diagnostics due to its fast detection speed, low cost, and high precision. However, current research on ultrasonic detection of overcharging in lithium-ion batteries primarily focuses on thermal runaway warnings, with limited application in the prolonged slight-overcharging aging of batteries. More research on ultrasonic and battery aging characteristics is needed under slight-overcharge cycling conditions. This study applies ultrasonic non-destructive testing technology to investigate the slight-overcharge cycling aging of lithium-ion batteries. The aging characteristics of lithium-ion batteries are studied under different slight-overcharge voltages through variations in ultrasonic signal time of flight and amplitude. Firstly, slight-overcharge cycling experiments are conducted on lithium-ion batteries to examine the influence of overcharge depth and the number of overcharge cycles on battery aging. Experimental results indicate a significant decrease in battery capacity with the increase of overcharge voltage and cycle count. The battery especially experiences severe capacity degradation under the 4.7 V overcharge cycling condition. Secondly, the temperature impact is considered. The results show that temperature significantly effects flight time and a minor influence on signal amplitude. The relationship between temperature and flight time shows a positive correlation, and compensation is applied to flight time for temperature changes, with an increase of approximately 0.011 μs per 1℃ temperature rise. Lastly, combining ultrasonic signal features, the aging characteristics of lithium-ion batteries under single slight-overcharge and slight-overcharge cycling conditions are analyzed. A clear correlation exists between ultrasonic signal characteristics and the battery's aging state. With higher charging voltage and increased cycle count, the attenuation of ultrasonic signal amplitude and the increase in flight time become more pronounced. When the charging voltage is equal to or greater than 4.65 V, the rapid decay and disappearance of signal amplitude occur due to the gas generation from electrolyte decomposition, indicating that the primary cause of battery aging is the loss of active materials. In contrast, the aging induced by 4.6 V slight-overcharge cycling is mainly related to the continuous formation of the solid electrolyte interphase. The above analysis shows that the physical properties (modulus and density) of the battery significantly change during the slight-overcharge cycling aging process, causing changes in acoustic impedance and affecting ultrasonic wave characteristics. Therefore, ultrasonic detection technology is feasible for internal battery aging state detection. Particularly, the sensitivity of ultrasonic detection to gases allows for the easy detection of side reaction gases during battery overcharging, providing an effective means of warning against potential dangers.
张闯, 高浪涛, 刘素贞, 张家安, 刘文杰. 基于超声的锂离子电池微过充循环老化特性[J]. 电工技术学报, 2024, 39(24): 7965-7978.
Zhang Chuang, Gao Langtao, Liu Suzhen, Zhang Jiaan, Liu Wenjie. Characterization of Slight Overcharge Cycle Aging of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Ultrasonic. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2024, 39(24): 7965-7978.
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