Abstract：Nowadays, there have been a lot of research achievements around traveling wave protection and fault location for transmission lines. All these research achievements are based on the premise that the initial surge exists. However, in some cases there is no initial surge, such as weak faults. It is necessary to identify such cases automatically, so that the traditional traveling wave methods can be blocked, and the customized algorithm can be implemented. However, there is no approach to identifying the existence of fault traveling waves. In order to solve this problem, based on the characteristics of initial surge waveform and the regularity of traveling wave propagation on transmission lines, an approach is proposed to identifying the existence and persistence of traveling wavefront of transmission line faults from the perspective of digital waveform image in the paper. Firstly, the generation, propagation and catadioptric process of fault induced traveling waves in AC transmission lines are analyzed. There is a rapid change of the initial wavefront under the action of the fault excitation source, when the fault occurs on the transmission line. And the interval between the initial surge and the subsequent wavefronts is equal, by eliminating the interference of the refraction waves according to the slope of the wavefront. Secondly, a bounding box with good compactness with the initial rapid change is constructed.The area which is composed by the fault traveling wave and the outer tangent line in the bounding box is computed. The saturation of the bounding box is calculated according to the ratio of the computed area and the entire area of the bounding box. The existence of the initial traveling wavefront is determined by the saturation value. Finally, when there is an initial traveling surge, the initial and subsequent wavefronts are calibrated and normalized. The interval between each wavefront is quantized through the triplet data information containing the deviation of wavefront amplitude, the deviation of arrival timing, and the deviation of slope. The persistence of the subsequent traveling waves is identified according to the calculated triplet deviation. A large number of digital simulations and actual fault data record have shown that the initial fault traveling wavefront does not exist when the saturation of bounding box is greater than 0.1. The corresponding traveling wave algorithm can realize blocking and avoid maloperation of traveling wave devices. When the saturation is less than or equal to 0.1 and the subsequent calibrated wavefronts’ quantification meets the threshold requirements, the traveling wave fault location methods can correctly determine the fault location. In addition, the proposed method is insensitive to current data or voltage data and can operate correctly. The following conclusions can be drawn: (1) When there is an additional source of fault in the transmission line, the waveform shows a step jump feature. The type of outgoing line at both ends of the fault line remains unchanged during the fault. The fault point persists and the discontinuity of surge impedance has no obvious change. The fault traveling wave shape has repeatability and self-similarity. (2) In a reasonable window where the waveform of the rapid change process can be observed, the fault waveform is approximated linearly and a triangle bounding box closely related to the region of interest is constructed. The saturation of the bounding box can be used to identify the existence of the initial surge. (3) The initial wavefront and the subsequent arrival wavefronts are characterized by the calculated ternary results, and the fault traveling wave persistence can be determined by evaluating the ternary data information of the fault traveling wavefronts.
黄杨, 张广斌, 王潜, 束洪春. 基于图像特征的输电线路故障行波存续性判别[J]. 电工技术学报, 2023, 38(5): 1339-1352.
Huang Yang, ZhangGuangbin, Wang Qian, Shu Hongchun. Identification of the Existence and Persistence of Faulted Traveling Waves for Transmission Lines Based on Image Features. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2023, 38(5): 1339-1352.
[1] Korkali M, Lev-Ari H, Abur A.Traveling-wave-based fault-location technique for transmission grids via wide-area synchronized voltage measurements[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2012, 27(2): 1003-1011. [2] Naidu O, Pradhan A K.A traveling wave-based fault location method using unsynchronized current measurements[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2019, 34(2): 505-513. [3] 邓丰, 梅龙军, 唐欣, 等. 基于时频域行波全景波形的配电网故障选线方法[J]. 电工技术学报, 2021, 36(13): 2861-2870. Deng Feng, Mei Longjun, Tang Xin, et al.Faulty line selection method of distribution network based on time-frequency traveling wave panoramic waveform[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2021, 36(13): 2861-2870. [4] Zhang Chenhao, Song Guobing, Wang Ting, et al.Single-ended traveling wave fault location method in DC transmission line based on wave front information[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2019, 34(5): 2028-2038. [5] 于华楠, 马聪聪, 王鹤. 基于压缩感知估计行波自然频率的输电线路故障定位方法研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 2017, 32(23): 140-148. Yu Huanan, Ma Congcong, Wang He.Transmission line fault location method based on compressed sensing estimation of traveling wave natural frequencies[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2017, 32(23): 140-148. [6] 李斌, 张纪航, 刘海金, 等. 基于波形相似度分析的直流输电线路故障测距[J]. 电力自动化设备, 2019, 39(9): 27-32, 53. Li Bin, Zhang Jihang, Liu Haijin, et al.Fault location of HVDC transmission lines based on waveform similarity analysis[J]. Electric Power Automation Equipment, 2019, 39(9): 27-32, 53. [7] 戴志辉, 刘自强, 刘雪燕, 等. 基于首行波曲率的柔性直流输电线路单端量保护[J]. 电工技术学报, 2021, 36(9): 1831-1841. Dai Zhihui, Liu Ziqiang, Liu Xueyan, et al.Single-ended protection for flexible DC transmission line based on curvature of initial traveling wave[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2021, 36(9): 1831-1841. [8] 李小鹏, 何正友, 陈双, 等. 基于电流行波固有频率的输电线路纵联保护方法[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2013, 33(28): 121-129, 19. Li Xiaopeng, He Zhengyou, Chen Shuang, et al.A novel pilot protection for transmission lines based on natural frequencies of current[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2013, 33(28): 121-129, 19. [9] 薛士敏, 崔淼. 基于形态学梯度算法的微电网行波保护方案[J]. 电力系统保护与控制, 2019, 47(2): 31-39. Xue Shimin, Cui Miao.Current traveling wave based protection scheme for microgrids using morphological gradient algorithm[J]. Power System Protection and Control, 2019, 47(2): 31-39. [10] 张晨浩, 宋国兵, 董新洲. 利用故障电流首行波拟合的柔性直流输电线路单端行波保护原理[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2021, 41(8): 2651-2660. Zhang Chenhao, Song Guobing, Dong Xinzhou.Principle of non-unit traveling wave protection for VSC-HVDC transmission line using fault current initial traveling wave fitting[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2021, 41(8): 2651-2660. [11] 陈仕龙, 张杰, 刘红锐, 等. 特高压直流输电线路单端电流方向暂态保护[J]. 电工技术学报, 2016, 31(2): 171-177. Chen Shilong, Zhang Jie, Liu Hongrui, et al.A single-ended current direction transient protection of UHVDC transmission line[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2016, 31(2): 171-177. [12] 樊艳芳, 王永进. 基于Hilbert能量幅值信息和波形信息的特高压直流输电线路单端保护方法[J]. 电工技术学报, 2021, 36(9): 1818-1830. Fan Yanfang, Wang Yongjin.Single-ended protection method for UHVDC transmission line based on Hilbert energy amplitude information and waveform information[J]. Transactions of China Electrote-chnical Society, 2021, 36(9): 1818-1830. [13] 邓丰, 曾祥君, 陈楠, 等. 自适应网络结构的故障行波定位方法[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2009, 33(19): 66-70. Deng Feng, Zeng Xiangjun, Chen Nan, et al.A network-adapted traveling-wave fault location method[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2009, 33(19): 66-70. [14] 李泽文, 唐平, 曾祥君, 等. 基于Dijkstra算法的电网故障行波定位方法[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2018, 42(18): 162-168. Li Zewen, Tang Ping, Zeng Xiangjun, et al.Method of traveling wave fault location based on Dijkstra algorithm in power grid[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2018, 42(18): 162-168. [15] 位韶康, 陈平, 姜映辉. 一种不受波速影响的单端行波测距方法[J]. 电力系统保护与控制, 2013, 41(13): 76-81. Wei Shaokang, Chen Ping, Jiang Yinghui.A single-ended traveling wave ranging method avoiding wave speed influence[J]. Power System Protection and Control, 2013, 41(13): 76-81. [16] 张怿宁, 徐敏, 刘永浩, 等. 考虑波速变化特性的直流输电线路行波故障测距新算法[J]. 电网技术, 2011, 35(7): 227-232. Zhang Yining, Xu Min, Liu Yonghao, et al.A novel travelling wave fault location algorithm for HVDC transmission lines considering variation characteristics of wave speed[J]. Power System Technology, 2011, 35(7): 227-232. [17] 唐金锐, 尹项根, 张哲, 等. 零模检测波速度的迭代提取及其在配电网单相接地故障定位中的应用[J]. 电工技术学报, 2013, 28(4): 202-211. Tang Jinrui, Yin Xianggen, Zhang Zhe, et al.Iterative extraction of detected zero-mode wave velocity and its application in single phase-to-ground fault location in distribution networks[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2013, 28(4): 202-211. [18] 高艳丰, 朱永利, 闫红艳, 等. 一种新型的输电线路双端行波故障定位方法[J]. 电力系统保护与控制, 2016, 44(8): 8-13. Gao Yanfeng, Zhu Yongli, Yan Hongyan, et al.A new fault location method of transmission lines based on double-terminal traveling wave[J]. Power System Protection and Control, 2016, 44(8): 8-13. [19] 代杰杰, 刘亚东, 姜文娟, 等. 基于雷电行波时域特征的输电线路雷击类型辨识方法[J]. 电工技术学报, 2016, 31(6): 242-250. Dai Jiejie, Liu Yadong, Jiang Wenjuan, et al.Identification of back striking and shielding failure on transmission line based on time domain characteristics of traveling wave[J]. Transactions of China Electro-technical Society, 2016, 31(6): 242-250. [20] 吕哲, 王增平. 基于暂态波形特征的输电线路雷击干扰与故障识别方法[J]. 电力系统保护与控制, 2020, 48(6): 18-26. Lü Zhe, Wang Zengping.Identification of lightning strike disturbance and faults for transmission line based on transient waveform characteristics[J]. Power System Protection and Control, 2020, 48(6): 18-26. [21] 程晓畅, 潘仲明, 王跃科. 基于Windows图形环境的采集数据波形重建方法[J]. 计算机测量与控制, 2005, 13(6): 609-611. Cheng Xiaochang, Pan Zhongming, Wang Yueke.Method of rebuilding signal figure of acquisition data based on Windows graphic setting[J]. Computer Automated Measurement & Control, 2005, 13(6): 609-611. [22] 章毓晋. 计算机视觉教程: 微课版[M]. 3版. 北京: 人民邮电出版社, 2021. [23] 张广斌, 束洪春, 于继来. 基于Hough变换直线检测的行波波头标定[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2013, 33(19): 165-173, 6. Zhang Guangbin, Shu Hongchun, Yu Jilai.Surge identification for travelling wave based on straight lines detection via Hough transform[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2013, 33(19): 165-173, 6.
2023, Vol. 38 
