Fixed-Time Proportional Control for Heterogeneous Battery Energy Storage Systems Based on Improved Grouping
Yu Yang1,2, Wang Boxiao1,2, Chen Xiao1,2, Lü Tingyan1,2, Huo Yuhang1,2
1. Hebei Key Laboratory of Distributed Energy Storage and Micro-Grid North China Electric Power University Baoding 071003 China; 2. State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources North China Electric Power University Baoding 071003 China
Abstract：With the increasing integration of renewable energy sources and stochastic loads, the existing battery energy storage systems (BESS) in microgrids often fail to meet power balance requirements, necessitating further expansion. The expanded energy storage system comprises multiple BESS units with varying electrical parameters and operational states, forming a heterogeneous BESS (HBESS). Similar to BESS, HBESS faces challenges when mitigating power imbalance in microgrids, including high lifespan degradation, low balance among battery unit (BU), and insufficient control precision. To address these issues, this paper proposes a fixed-time proportional power control strategy for HBESS based on an improved grouping model in time-delay environments. First, this paper evaluates the regulation capability of BU by considering their electrical parameters and operational states, and constructs an improved grouping model based on a competition-cooperation mechanism to divide the HBESS into multiple battery groups. Second, a hierarchical regulation method is developed using the improved grouping model to determine participating battery groups and BUs. This method reduces lifespan degradation by allocating power hierarchically to battery groups with higher regulation capabilities. Subsequently, this paper proposes a time delay based fixed-time proportional consensus algorithm (TFPCA), analyzes its mathematical properties, and investigates methods to enhance its iterative precision. Finally, by integrating the hierarchical regulation method with TFPCA while considering BU operational state balance, this paper designs a precise hierarchical power control strategy for battery groups, enabling each BU to accurately track power commands. This paper employs the typical daily unbalanced power of a microgrid for simulation verification. To demonstrate the advantages of the proposed TFPCA, grouping method, and power control strategy, three different algorithms, three grouping methods, and three power control strategies were selected for comparative analysis. The algorithm comparison results show that in time-delay environments, while all algorithms exhibit oscillatory iteration curves, only TFPCA achieves both fixed-time consensus and proportional consensus while eliminating iteration errors. These characteristics make it particularly suitable for precise power control of HBESS in time-delay environments. The comparative results of grouping methods demonstrate that, throughout the entire regulation cycle, only the proposed grouping method can maintain hierarchical distributions of backup capacity and rated power across all battery groups, which facilitates the implementation of hierarchical regulation. Moreover, the proposed method dynamically adjusts the number of battery groups based on energy storage parameters and command characteristics, ultimately reducing the lifespan degradation of HBESS. Regarding power control strategies, the comparative results indicate that, compared with other power control strategies, the proposed strategy not only promotes state of charge balance both within individual BESS and across the entire HBESS system, but also ensures battery groups participate in regulation according to predetermined hierarchies with superior control accuracy. This effectively addresses the key challenges of high lifespan degradation, poor BU balance, and insufficient control precision. This paper further constructed an HBESS hardware experimental platform for testing. The experimental results show that all battery groups maintain hierarchical distributions in terms of backup capacity and rated power, with significantly improved BU balance, achieving precise HBESS power control. The experimental results are consistent with the simulation results.
余洋, 王卜潇, 陈晓, 吕廷彦, 霍宇航. 基于改进分组的异质性电池储能系统固定时间比例控制[J]. 电工技术学报, 2025, 40(21): 7092-7106.
Yu Yang, Wang Boxiao, Chen Xiao, Lü Tingyan, Huo Yuhang. Fixed-Time Proportional Control for Heterogeneous Battery Energy Storage Systems Based on Improved Grouping. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2025, 40(21): 7092-7106.
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2025, Vol. 40 
