Emergency Market Pricing Strategy for Enhancing Distribution Network Resilience Considering Multi-Agent Leader-Follower Game
Liu Lijun1,2, Jiang Yiqing1, Huang Junqiang1, Chen Weishen1, Lian Xianglong1,2
1. College of Electrical Engineering and Automation Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China; 2. Key Laboratory of Energy Digitalization Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China
Abstract：In recent years, extreme weather events have occurred more frequently and with greater intensity. This trend poses serious challenges to distribution network (DN) operational security. Consequently, resilience has become a central research focus in the international energy domain. Current studies primarily innovate in emergency resource dispatch models and operational control strategies. However, the critical integration of resilience enhancement with market mechanisms, particularly price signals, remains underexplored. This omission often constrains the participation of non-utility-owned emergency power resources. It potentially leads to underutilization of valuable assets during crises. To address these challenges, this study proposed a novel market pricing strategy. This strategy enables the coordinated participation of diversified users and various emergency resources with different ownerships. The goal is to enhance DN resilience. Firstly, users were clustered according to their power interruption tolerance. Then, differentiated demand response mechanisms were designed based on multi-dimensional attributes. This approach highlighted user-side flexibility as an active decision-making entity. Subsequently, a power-transportation coupled network model was used as the basis. Dedicated dispatch and output strategies were developed for two types of flexible, controllable social emergency resources: mobile energy storage systems (MESS) and electric vehicle (EV) clusters. These strategies aimed to enhance DN resilience during extreme events. Finally, a resilience-oriented Stackelberg game model was formulated. In this model, the distribution system operator acted as the leader. The load aggregator and the social emergency power resource operator acted as followers. Based on this model, an electricity price formation mechanism for disaster scenarios was proposed. The process was as follows: (1) The leader set the initial transaction prices. (2) Followers developed response strategies based on these prices to maximize their own benefits. They then reported these responses back. (3) The leader operated on a non-profit basis. Its primary objective was to ensure DN resilience during extreme weather. It evaluated objectives based on followers’ responses. Then, it adjusted electricity prices accordingly and broadcast them again. (4) This iterative process continued until the leader’s objective converged. This convergence reached a mutually beneficial equilibrium point. The point balances resilience and stakeholder economics. The proposed method can reduce the load shedding costs of the test system. It also significantly enhances system resilience. Furthermore, it optimizes the Pareto benefit boundaries for multi-agent market participants. This achieves a coordinated economic-resilience objective. Case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework. Progressively incorporating societal emergency resources, implementing the DR mechanism, and deploying the tripartite Stackelberg game model all proved effective. Key findings include: (1) Integrating societal emergency resources can enhance DN resilience during outages. It substantially reduces outage-related societal costs. It also provides economically reasonable compensation for operators. This improves the utilization efficiency of distributed community resources. (2) Implementing the DR mechanism can motivate greater end-user participation and market vitality. This optimizes the allocation of resources dedicated to enhancing resilience. (3) The Stackelberg-based pricing strategy can effectively incentivize societal resource engagement. It unlocks greater demand-side flexibility potential. The strategy coordinates diverse resource availability and facilitates market-based resource allocation. This approach simultaneously enhances DN resilience and balances stakeholder profits. It achieves a multi-agent economic-resilience solution.
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2026, Vol. 41 
