Abstract：The global integration of high-penetration renewable energy sources (RESs) introduces significant short-term net load ramping variations, challenging power system stability. To address this, flexible ramping products (FRPs) have been successfully implemented in several electricity markets, such as CAISO and MISO. However, these market designs predominantly rely on abundant flexible resources like gas turbines or energy storage, rendering them incompatible with power systems where coal-fired units constitute the primary regulating resource—a common scenario in many Chinese provinces. This configuration, termed a “renewable-coal power system,” faces a critical incompatibility: the day-ahead procurement of spinning reserve products (SRPs) often locks the spare capacity of the limited fast-ramping coal-fired units. This pre-commitment leads to a suboptimal allocation of flexibility, leaving insufficient capacity available for the intraday FRP, resulting in frequent market imbalances and high procurement costs. This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of the ramping challenges inherent to renewable-coal systems, identifying a fundamental misallocation of coal-fired units between SRPs and FRPs as the core issue. The temporal structure of market operations—where SRPs are cleared day-ahead due to the long startup times of coal units and contingency requirements, while FRPs are more effectively cleared intraday to leverage more accurate renewable forecasts—creates a disconnect. Consequently, fast-ramping coal units, which are also competitive in the day-ahead energy market, are incentivized to secure SRP contracts, leaving their superior ramping capability unavailable for the uncertain intraday FRP. Meanwhile, slower-ramping coal units, often less competitive day-ahead, possess available capacity but cannot adequately meet real-time ramping demands. To resolve this misallocation, this paper proposes a novel intraday coupling mechanism between the FRP and the SRP. The core of the mechanism involves strategically substituting slow-ramping coal units for the fast-ramping units that were awarded SRP contracts in the day-ahead market during intraday operations. This substitution unlocks the constrained fast-ramping capacity, making it available to supply the FRP in the real-time market. The resulting deficit in spinning reserves is then compensated by procuring additional SRP from the now-freed slow-ramping units. This approach effectively reallocates the limited flexible capacity of coal-fired units between the two ancillary services. The proposed methodology is formulated within a SCED model for the intraday market, which jointly clears the real-time energy, FRP, and the proposed coupling mechanism. Theoretical derivations demonstrate that the coupling mechanism enhances the system’s maximum available ramping capability and increases total social welfare compared to a decoupled market design. The mechanism’s effectiveness is rigorously validated through year-long simulations based on real-world 2024 data from a province in Northwest China—a typical renewable-coal system with over 60% installed capacity from wind and solar. Case studies compare scenarios with and without the coupling mechanism across four typical operational scenarios characterized by varying wind and solar output levels. Results indicate that the mechanism robustly supplies significant additional ramping capacity, reducing system reliance on expensive resources like energy storage. This leads to a substantial reduction in total procurement costs by lowering FRP expenditure by 31.97%, despite a marginal 2.91% increase in SRP costs. Furthermore, the mechanism mitigates FRP clearing prices by displacing expensive marginal resources and achieves incentive compatibility by allowing units to profit based on their true ramping capabilities without complex strategic bidding. In conclusion, the proposed coupling mechanism offers a practical and economically viable solution for implementing FRPs in coal-dominated power systems. It optimizes the utilization of existing conventional resources, enhances system flexibility, reduces overall costs, and provides a valuable framework for future ancillary service market design in regions undergoing a transition to high renewable penetration.
陈皓轩, 黄弦超, 张粒子, 王进. 面向新型电力系统的灵活爬坡产品与旋转备用产品耦合机制设计[J]. 电工技术学报, 2026, 41(19): 6630-6644.
Chen Haoxuan, Huang Xianchao, Zhang Lizi, Wang Jin. Coupling Mechanism Design for Flexible Ramping and Spinning Reserve Products in the New Power System. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2026, 41(19): 6630-6644.
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2026, Vol. 41 
