雷电冲击电压下串联双真空间隙的击穿极性效应

doi:10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.241608

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摘要串联真空间隙击穿电压的极性效应是影响高电压真空设备绝缘性能的重要因素。该文以球-板电极真空间隙为对象,通过试验研究了雷电冲击电压极性对于串联双间隙击穿特性的影响,结合电场仿真分析了串联双间隙极性效应的产生机理,进而提出了一种基于阴极最大电场强度的串联双间隙正、负极性击穿电压评估方法。研究结果表明,串联双球-板真空间隙的正极性击穿电压高于负极性,并且随着间隙距离的增加,正、负极性击穿电压的差值逐渐增大,极性效应越发显著。此外,正、负极性冲击电压下双间隙的阴极最大电场强度与击穿电压之间遵循近乎相同的负指数关系,阐明了阴极电场强度的差异是造成串联间隙击穿电压具有极性效应的主要原因。经试验验证,阴极最大电场强度与击穿电压间的拟合关系可用于评估不同极性雷电冲击电压下串联双真空间隙的耐压能力,评估误差在10%以内。研究结果可为高电压真空绝缘结构的设计提供理论依据。

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关键词 ：真空击穿, 串联双间隙, 极性效应, 雷电冲击电压, 阴极电场强度

Abstract：Vacuum gaps in series are widely used in high-voltage vacuum equipment to improve the insulation performance. It is well-known that one vacuum gap has different dielectric strengths under positive and negative voltages, termed as polarity effect, and this difference might be enlarged as the number of series-gap increases. Therefore, the polarity effect of vacuum gaps in series is an important factor influencing the insulation performance of vacuum equipment. However, there is no quantitative research on the polarity effect of multiple vacuum gaps and also a lack of related evaluation methods. This makes it difficult to design the insulation structure in high-voltage vacuum equipment. To address these issues, this article quantitatively investigated the influence of lightning impulse voltage (LIV) polarity on the breakdown characteristics of double vacuum gaps in series. The mechanism of polarity effect was revealed and an evaluation method for positive and negative breakdown voltages was proposed. The results can help to further understand the breakdown mechanism of vacuums gaps in series and provide theoretical basis for the design of high-voltage insulation structure in vacuum.
Firstly, based on sphere-plane electrodes, the breakdown characteristics of double vacuum gaps in series were experimentally determined under positive and negative LIVs. The up-down method was adopted in voltage application. The cumulative probability of breakdown voltage was analyzed by the 3-parameters Weibull distribution and the 50% breakdown voltage U₅₀was obtained to represent the dielectric strength of double gaps. Secondly, the electric fields of double vacuum gaps were calculated by the finite element method. The voltage distribution and field strengths at cathode of double gaps were obtained. Combining with the experimental results, the influence of maximum field strength at cathode on U₅₀ under positive and negative LIVs was determined. Then, according to the breakdown theory in vacuum, the mechanism of polarity effect was illustrated by analyzing the relationship between the field strengths at cathode and breakdown voltage of double vacuum gaps. Finally, a method for evaluating the breakdown voltages of double gaps under both positive and negative LIVs was proposed based on the maximum field strength at cathode and validated by the experimental results.
The conclusions were drawn as following: (1) The lightning impulse breakdown voltage of double vacuum gap in series showed a polarity effect. For the double sphere-plane gaps, the positive breakdown voltage was higher than the negative one. As the gap distance increased, their difference gradually became larger and the polarity effect was more significant. (2) The electric field strength at cathode was the key factor affecting the dielectric strength of double vacuum gaps. Under positive and negative LIVs, the maximum field strength at cathode and breakdown voltage followed a similar negative-exponential relationship. Due to the asymmetric electric field distribution, the difference in field strength at cathode should be the main reason for the polarity effect. (3) Validated by experiments, the fitted relationship between maximum field strength at cathode and U₅₀ (${{U}_{\text{50}}}\text{=51}\text{.23}E_{\text{cmax(h)}}^{-\text{0}\text{.45}}E_{\text{cmax(l)}}^{-\text{0}\text{.33}}$) can be used to evaluate the breakdown voltages of double gaps under LIVs with both polarities. The estimation error was within 10%.

Key words： Vacuum breakdown double gaps in series polarity effect lightning impulse voltage (LIV) electric field strength at cathode

收稿日期: 2024-09-10

PACS:

TM561.2

基金资助:国家重点研发计划（2022YFB2403700）和国家自然科学基金（52207149, 52277136）资助项目

通讯作者: 沈靖宇男,1995年生,讲师,硕士生导师,研究方向为高压真空断路器、真空放电与绝缘、开关电器仿真技术。E-mail: shenjy@fzu.edu.cn

作者简介: 许志红女,1963年生,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为电器及其智能化技术。E-mail: 641936593@qq.com

引用本文:

沈靖宇, 许志红, 刘志远, 耿英三, 王建华. 雷电冲击电压下串联双真空间隙的击穿极性效应[J]. 电工技术学报, 2025, 40(17): 5589-5600. Shen Jingyu, Xu Zhihong, Liu Zhiyuan, Geng Yingsan, Wang Jianhua. Polarity Effect of Breakdown for Double Vacuum Gaps in Series under Lightning Impulse Voltage. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2025, 40(17): 5589-5600.

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