Abstract：The development of electric vehicles is significantly hindered by the substantial attenuation of available capacity and power in lithium-ion batteries at low temperatures, primarily due to the issue of lithium precipitation. Applying low-temperature heating to lithium-ion batteries represents an effective strategy for mitigating performance degradation under these circumstances. This paper considers the overall architecture of electric vehicles, wherein a multi-period offset-square-wave injection method is proposed. By injecting direct current and high-frequency voltage into the d-axis of the motor, a bipolar alternating current is induced in the battery bus, resulting in Joule heating through the battery’s internal resistance to achieve self-heating. The proposed method utilizes the existing hardware structure of the original electric drive system. It incorporates an injection signal into the basic vector control, offering a straightforward implementation approach suitable for all electric vehicles equipped with electric drive systems. The generation principle of alternating current in the DC bus from injected high frequency is analyzed. The relationship between the injected signal and the excitation current of the DC bus is analyzed. Finally, an experimental platform of a vehicle temperature chamber is introduced, and detailed parameters of the experimental motor and battery are listed. The results show that the bus excitation current positively correlates with the injected direct current and high-frequency voltage amplitudes. Under the same injected direct current, a larger voltage injected amplitude results in a greater excitation bus current. Conversely, under the same voltage injection amplitude, increasing the injected direct current leads to an amplified excitation bus current. It is observed that an optimal point exists for the injection frequency. In this system, considering the maximum permissible root mean square (RMS) value of the high-voltage cable and the temperature rise in the electric motor, the injected direct current amplitude is set at -350 A, and the amplitude of the high-frequency square wave voltage is restricted to 25% of the maximum linear modulation voltage. The optimal frequency of 1.66 kHz has been determined. Consequently, the DC bus can generate an alternating current of 300 A RMS. The battery pack can be heated from -20° to -10° in 442 s with a temperature rise of 1.36°/min, significantly higher than traditional heating-film type external heating methods. In addition, the paper also examines the impact of temperature-induced changes in battery internal resistance on excitation current variations. The optimal operating point remains unaffected by changes in battery internal resistance, and an increase in temperature leads to a reduction in battery resistance and an increase in excitation current. Such an effect can partially mitigate the decreased battery self-heating capacity caused by reduced internal resistance. To sum up, the proposed battery self-heating method can seamlessly integrate into the field-oriented control (FOC) algorithm of electric drives in software implementation without changes to the system structure. Current close-loop control throughout the entire operational process ensures that the electric machinere mains torque-free during idle conditions and effectively maintains a vehicle standstill.
及非凡, 陈子豪, 李艳君. 基于电驱系统高频注入的电动汽车电池包快速加热控制算法[J]. 电工技术学报, 2024, 39(20): 6316-6327.
Ji Feifan, Chen Zihao, Li Yanjun. Motor Drive System Based Battery Self-Heating for Electric Vehicles Using High Frequency Injection Frame. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2024, 39(20): 6316-6327.
[1] 于东民, 杨超, 蒋林洳, 等. 电动汽车充电安全防护研究综述[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2022, 42(6): 2145-2164. Yu Dongmin, Yang Chao, Jiang Linru, et al.Review on safety protection of electric vehicle charging[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2022, 42(6): 2145-2164. [2] 王晓姬, 王道涵, 王柄东, 等. 电动汽车驱动/充电一体化系统及其控制策略综述[J]. 电工技术学报, 2023, 38(22): 5940-5958. Wang Xiaoji, Wang Daohan, Wang Bingdong, et al.A review of drive-charging integrated systems and control strategies for electric vehicles[J]. Transa- ctions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2023, 38(22): 5940-5958. [3] 梁栋, 邱馨洁, 刘琪, 等. 电动汽车与直流配电网协同的分布式自适应滚动预测调度[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2023, 47(24): 90-99. Liang Dong, Qiu Xinjie, Liu Qi, et al.Distributed adaptive rolling predictive scheduling based on coordination of electric vehicles and DC distribution networks[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2023, 47(24): 90-99. [4] 武龙星, 庞辉, 晋佳敏, 等. 基于电化学模型的锂离子电池荷电状态估计方法综述[J]. 电工技术学报, 2022, 37(7): 1703-1725. Wu Longxing, Pang Hui, Jin Jiamin, et al.A review of SOC estimation methods for lithium-ion batteries based on electrochemical model[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2022, 37(7): 1703-1725. [5] 郭向伟, 邢程, 司阳, 等. RLS锂电池全工况自适应等效电路模型[J]. 电工技术学报, 2022, 37(16): 4029-4037. Guo Xiangwei, Xing Cheng, Si Yang, et al.RLS adaptive equivalent circuit model of lithium battery under full working condition[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2022, 37(16): 4029-4037. [6] 余杰, 廖思阳, 徐箭, 等. 考虑环境温度的磷酸铁锂电池SOC实时修正及频率控制方法[J]. 电工技术学报, 2023, 38(17): 4564-4573. Yu Jie, Liao Siyang, Xu Jian, et al.Real-time SOC correction and frequency control method for LFP batteries considering ambient temperature[J]. Transa- ctions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2023, 38(17): 4564-4573. [7] Xu Jun, Mei Xuesong, Wang Haitao, et al.A hybrid self-heating method for batteries used at low temperature[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2021, 17(7): 4714-4723. [8] 赵靖英, 胡劲, 张雪辉, 等. 基于锂电池模型和分数阶理论的SOC-SOH联合估计[J]. 电工技术学报, 2023, 38(17): 4551-4563. Zhao Jingying, Hu Jin, Zhang Xuehui, et al.Joint estimation of the SOC-SOH based on lithium battery model and fractional order theory[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2023, 38(17): 4551-4563. [9] Zhang Xiongwen, Kong Xin, Li Guojun, et al.Thermodynamic assessment of active cooling/heating methods for lithium-ion batteries of electric vehicles in extreme conditions[J]. Energy, 2014, 64: 1092-1101. [10] Ji Yan, Wang Chao yang. Heating strategies for Li-ion batteries operated from subzero tempera- tures[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2013, 107: 664-674. [11] Zhang Jianan, Sun Fengchun, Wang Zhenpo.Heating character of a LiMn2O4 battery pack at low temperature based on PTC and metallic resistance material[J]. Energy Procedia, 2017, 105: 2131-2138. [12] 刘存山, 张红伟. 汽车动力电池低温加热方法研究[J]. 电源技术, 2015, 39(8): 1645-1647, 1701. Liu Cunshan, Zhang Hongwei.Research on heating method at low temperature of electric vehicle battery[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2015, 39(8): 1645-1647, 1701. [13] Ling Ziye, Lin Wenzhu, Zhang Zhengguo, et al.Computationally efficient thermal network model and its application in optimization of battery thermal management system with phase change materials and long-term performance assessment[J]. Applied Energy, 2020, 259: 114120. [14] Wang Chaoyang, Zhang Guangsheng, Ge Shanhai, et al.Lithium-ion battery structure that self-heats at low temperatures[J]. Nature, 2016, 529(7587): 515-518. [15] Yang Xiaoguang, Zhang Guangsheng, Wang Chaoyang.Computational design and refinement of self-heating lithium ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2016, 328: 203-211. [16] Yang Yixin.Development and assessment of a fast calibration tool for zero-dimensional combustion models in DI diesel engines[J]. Energy Procedia, 2016, 101: 901-908. [17] 张闯, 王泽山, 刘素贞, 等. 基于电化学阻抗谱的锂离子电池过放电诱发内短路的检测方法[J]. 电工技术学报, 2023, 38(23): 6279-6291, 6344. Zhang Chuang, Wang Zeshan, Liu Suzhen, et al.Detection method of overdischarge-induced internal short circuit in lithium-ion batteries based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy[J]. Transa- ctions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2023, 38(23): 6279-6291, 6344. [18] Zhu Jiangong, Sun Zechang, Wei Xuezhe, et al.Experimental investigations of an AC pulse heating method for vehicular high power lithium-ion batteries at subzero temperatures[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2017, 367: 145-157. [19] Hande A, Stuart T A.A selective equalizer for NiMH batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2004, 138(1/2): 327-339. [20] Shang Yunlong, Liu Kailong, Cui Naxin, et al.A sine-wave heating circuit for automotive battery self-heating at subzero temperatures[J]. IEEE Transa- ctions on Industrial Informatics, 2020, 16(5): 3355-3365. [21] Jiang Jiuchun, Ruan Haijun, Sun Bingxiang, et al.A low-temperature internal heating strategy without lifetime reduction for large-size automotive lithium- ion battery pack[J]. Applied Energy, 2018, 230: 257-266. [22] Soares R, Djekanovic N, Wallmark O, et al.Inte- gration of magnified alternating current in battery fast chargers based on DC-DC converters using trans- formerless resonant filter design[J]. IEEE Transa- ctions on Transportation Electrification, 2019, 5(4): 925-933. [23] Oehl J, Gleiter A, Manka D, et al.High frequency alternating current heating method for Li-ion cells based on boost converter topology[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2022, 53: 105169. [24] Qu Zhiguo, Jiang Zhiyuan, Wang Qiong.Experimental study on pulse self-heating of lithium-ion battery at low temperature[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2019, 135: 696-705. [25] Baba H, Kawasaki K, Kawachi H.Battery heating system for electric vehicles[J/OL]. SAE Technical Papers, 2015, DOI: 10.4271/2015-01-0248. [26] Li Yalun, Gao Xinlei, Qin Yudi, et al.Drive circuitry of an electric vehicle enabling rapid heating of the battery pack at low temperatures[J]. iScience, 2021, 24(1): 101921. [27] 李仕豪, 狄冲, 刘佶炜, 等. 考虑交叉耦合影响的内置式永磁同步电机电感计算及转矩分析[J]. 电工技术学报, 2023, 38(18): 4889-4899, 4931. Li Shihao, Di Chong, Liu Jiwei, et al.Inductance calculation and torque analysis of interior permanent magnet synchronous machine considering cross- coupling effects[J]. Transactions of China Electro- technical Society, 2023, 38(18): 4889-4899, 4931. [28] Du Changhong, Peng Qianlei, Chen Fu, et al.Investigation on the method of battery self-heating using motor pulse current[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 2022, 236(10/11): 2399-2409. [29] 赵元淼, 李占良, 黄孝键, 等. 动力电池充放电电路、系统及其控制方法和控制装置: CN115378064A[P].2022-11-22. [30] 陈超, 沈林, 梁树林, 等. 电池自加热装置和车辆: CN212373187U[P].2021-01-19. [31] 李占良, 赵元淼, 陈新伟, 等. 自加热控制电路和系统: CN216354438U[P].2022-04-19. [32] 何锡添, 孙丙香, 阮海军, 等. 锂离子电池变频变幅交流低温自加热策略[J]. 电工技术学报, 2019, 34(9): 1798-1805. He Xitian, Sun Bingxiang, Ruan Haijun, et al.A variable-frequency and variable-amplitude AC low- temperature self-heating strategy for lithium-ion battery[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2019, 34(9): 1798-1805. [33] Momma T, Matsunaga M, Mukoyama D, et al.Ac impedance analysis of lithium ion battery under temperature control[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2012, 216: 304-307. [34] Zhu Chong, Han Jingbo, Zhang Hua, et al.Modeling and control of an integrated self-heater for automotive batteries based on traction motor drive reconfi- guration[J]. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, 2023, 11(1): 384-395. [35] Kim S, Ha J I, Sul S K.PWM switching frequency signal injection sensorless method in IPMSM[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2012, 48(5): 1576-1587. [36] 王菁, 颜建虎, 季国东, 等. 一种基于双位置观测器的永磁同步电机低速无位置传感器控制方法[J]. 电工技术学报, 2023, 38(2): 375-386. Wang Jing, Yan Jianhu, Ji Guodong, et al.A sensorless control method for permanent magnet synchronous machine based on dual position observers at low speed[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2023, 38(2): 375-386.
2024, Vol. 39 
