Research on Rapid Low-Temperature Compound Heating Method for Lithium-Ion Battery Module Based on Pulse Working Conditions
Sun Bingxiang1,2, Fan Chao1,2, Qi Xianjie3, Song Donglin4, Zhao Haichuan1,2
1. National Active Distribution Network Technology Research Center (NANTEC) Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing 100044 China; 2. Tangshan Research Institute of Beijing Jiaotong University Tangshan 063000 China; 3. Beijing Electric Power Engineering Co. Ltd Beijing 100070 China; 4. Beijing Aerospace Times Laser Inertial Technology Co. Ltd Beijing 100094 China
Abstract：In certain specialized fields, such as high-altitude, extremely cold, and off-grid environments, rapid, efficient, and auxiliary-source-free self-starting low-temperature heating methods are crucial for improving the performance and reliability of lithium-ion batteries in low-temperature environments. Current compound heating methods primarily target cell or require external auxiliary power sources, with limited research on auxiliary-free compound heating methods for battery modules. Additionally, existing heating methods generally focus on temperature uniformity across the surface of cells within a module, with limited ability to simultaneously achieve rapid heating of the module while maintaining optimal thermal distribution within each cell. To address these shortcomings, this study conducted relevant research, with the following specific contents: Firstly, a low-temperature heating module configuration for lithium-ion batteries was designed, and a pulse condition experimental platform was established. Three 8 A·h soft-pack ternary lithium battery cells with the closest capacity were selected and connected in series with four optimized heating plates to form the battery module heating module. Based on material property comparisons and relevant literature, 36 mΩ aluminum sheets were selected as heating plates. A platform was constructed comprising three major modules: heating control, data acquisition, and battery module. The heating control module uses pulse width modulation (PWM) signals to drive MOSFETs for pulse discharge heating, improving heating efficiency and temperature uniformity. Equipped with anti-common-mode units to realize high-voltage isolation, the data acquisition module integrates current sensors for high-precision electrical parameter monitoring and thermocouples for real-time temperature acquisition of the battery heating module during the heating phase, thereby guaranteeing experimental safety and the credibility of measured data. Secondly, a distributed thermal model of the battery module heating system was constructed. Specifically, based on the distributed thermal model of a single battery cell, combined with the thermal models of thermal grease and heating elements, a thermal model of the module heating system was established. By introducing a symmetry assumption, the system structure was simplified. The thermal model employs a distributed equivalent thermal path method to precisely characterize temperature changes in the thickness direction of the module. Subsequently, key parameters such as thermal resistance and thermal capacity were identified using actual measurement data and the adaptive particle swarm optimization (APSO) algorithm. Finally, the identification results were incorporated into the model, and the model was experimentally validated under different duty cycles, state of charge (SOC), and ambient temperature conditions. The results showed that the maximum root mean square error between the model simulation and the measured temperature did not exceed 1.3℃. Finally, an analysis of the factors influencing low-temperature heating of lithium-ion battery modules was conducted. Specifically, three heating performance metrics were defined: temperature rise rate, maximum temperature difference, and energy consumption rate. Based on this, heating experiments were designed under different duty cycles, SOC levels, and ambient temperatures to quantitatively study the effects of these factors on the heating process. The results showed that a higher duty cycle increases the battery's temperature rise rate but also widens the internal temperature difference; the higher the SOC, the faster the temperature rise rate, but the maximum temperature difference also increases; the higher the ambient temperature, the higher the heating efficiency, but the internal temperature difference becomes more pronounced. At -20℃, using a pulse heating method with a frequency of 1 Hz and a duty cycle of D50%, the temperature rise rate of the battery module exceeds 10℃/min at all SOC levels, with an energy consumption rate below 7.05% and a maximum temperature difference below 7.5℃; At -30℃ and 100% SOC, the battery module's temperature rise rate reached 13.83℃/min, with an energy consumption rate of 10.98% and a maximum temperature difference of 7.34℃. The above results indicate that the established thermal model of the battery module heating system can accurately reflect the thermal characteristics of the battery module. The proposed battery module heating method can rapidly heat lithium-ion battery modules at different SOCs and ambient temperatures without the need for external auxiliary power sources, while ensuring a certain degree of temperature uniformity.
孙丙香, 樊超, 齐先杰, 宋东林, 赵海川. 基于脉冲工况的锂离子电池模组低温快速复合加热方法[J]. 电工技术学报, 2026, 41(9): 3194-3207.
Sun Bingxiang, Fan Chao, Qi Xianjie, Song Donglin, Zhao Haichuan. Research on Rapid Low-Temperature Compound Heating Method for Lithium-Ion Battery Module Based on Pulse Working Conditions. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2026, 41(9): 3194-3207.
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2026, Vol. 41 
