Overview and Prospect of Redundancy Machines: Topologies and Applications
Sun Pengcheng1, Jia Shaofeng1, Liang Deliang1, Qu Ronghai2
1. State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment Xi’an Jiaotong University Xi’an 710049 China; 2. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 China
Abstract Redundancy machines are a class of high-reliability machines with redundancy design. They have redundancy configurations of operating units and can continue to work if one or several operating units fail. Therefore, redundancy machines have significant potential in complex and harsh environments, such as aerospace, ship propulsion, and electric vehicles. This paper aims to review and categorize existing redundancy machines, offering a reference for selecting suitable machines for different applications. From the perspective of redundancy level, redundancy machines can be categorized into modular, component, and compound redundancy machines. This paper sequentially introduces the operating principles of different redundancy machines, analyzes innovations in their topologies, and summarizes their advantages and disadvantages. (1) Modular-redundancy machines consist of multiple modules with independent operating capabilities within the machine system. It is one of the most direct methods of improving motor system reliability. Module redundancy includes motor redundancy and channel redundancy. Motor redundancy, which operates at a higher level than channel redundancy, can completely isolate the secondary effects of faults and effectively improve system reliability. However, it has a large system volume and low power density. (2) The proper operation of a motor system requires the collaboration of several components, including the armature windings, excitation sources, and power converter. Component redundancy is designed for different components in the motor system, including winding redundancy, phase redundancy, excitation redundancy, and bridge redundancy. Component redundancy has a lower redundancy level than modular redundancy and focuses on the components needed to achieve torque output. Component redundancy occurs within a single motor system and is characterized by higher power density than modular redundancy. (3) Compound redundancy combines modular and component redundancy within a motor system. With two or more redundancy designs, compound redundancy can address a wide range of faults, increasing the motor system’s reliability. Many feasible compound redundancy machines have been widely studied and applied. However, the reliability and feasibility of some novel topologies need to be further verified in applications. Finally, this paper reviews redundancy machines’ actual and potential applications in aerospace, ship propulsion, and electric vehicles. As motor systems are widely used in safety-critical applications, their safety and reliability will garner increasing attention. The main development directions in redundancy machines will focus on the topology and application of new redundancy machines, synergistic enhancement of reliability and power density, efficient and reliable drive control and fault-tolerant control, and system-level simulation and reliability assessment methods. As researchers continue to improve performance, redundancy machines are expected to have broader application prospects in the future.
Sun Pengcheng,Jia Shaofeng,Liang Deliang等. Overview and Prospect of Redundancy Machines: Topologies and Applications[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2025, 40(6): 1729-1745.
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2025, Vol. 40 
