Abstract：As one of the optimal solutions to cardiac pacemaker energy supply, MCR-WPT is still in the research stage and has not qualified for clinical application. In response to the low transmission efficiency and poor deflection resistance of wireless energy supply systems for cardiac pacemakers, a wireless energy supply system based on hybrid mu-negative metamaterials was proposed. The coupling effect between coils is enhanced via the LC resonance generated by the metamaterial periodic structure, and the transmission performance of the MCR-WPT system can be improved without adding cumbersome control measures and a complex magnetic coupling mechanism. First, based on the resonance principle and quality factor theory of mu-negative metamaterials, two MNG units with different resonant frequencies were designed. Secondly, the relationship between the negative permeability and the magnetic loss of the units was analyzed along with the magnetic leakage status of the WPT system. Based on the analyses, the hybrid MNG slab with two negative permeabilities was constructed and applied to a wireless energy supply system for cardiac pacemakers. Thirdly, the peak electric field intensity and peak specific absorption rate of human body tissues were calculated with finite element analysis software to prove the safety characteristics of the system. Finally, an experimental platform of a wireless energy supply system for pacemakers was built to verify the polymagnetic properties of the hybrid MNG slab, and temperature rise experiments were added further to verify the safety and feasibility of the system. Experimental results show that the system output power is enhanced from 0.19~0.81 W to 1.02~1.67 W, and the transmission efficiency is improved from 8.53 %~43.15 % to 40.78 %~57.32 % under the case of 16~28 mm spacing between the transmitting and receiving coils. When the receiving coil is 20 mm away from the transmitting coil with horizontal offset in three directions, the output power of the MCR-WPT system incorporating the hybrid MNG slab is improved by 0.35 W, 0.55 W, and 0.64 W, and the transmission efficiency is improved by 15.05 %, 18.13 %, and 20.57 %. A minimum output power of 0.86 W and a minimum transmission efficiency of 32.81 % can be maintained. The offset-resisting ability of the power transfer system is significantly improved. Considering the actual working conditions of the implantable wireless energy supply system, a 30 min simulated charging test was conducted, and the maximum temperature rise of the system was 3.49 ℃, which has no personal injury. Meanwhile, according to the simulation results, the peak electric field intensity of human tissue of the MCR-WPT system incorporating the hybrid MNG slab was 41.5 V/m, and the peak specific absorption rate was 1.16 W/kg, lower than the international radiation. The safety characteristics of the system are verified. The following conclusions can be drawn from simulations and experiments: the hybrid MNG slab proposed in this paper enhances the transmission efficiency and offset resistance of the wireless power supply system for cardiac pacemakers. Therefore, adding metamaterials is an appropriate method to improve the performance of pacemakers with the WPT system. As the coil spacing of the MCR-WPT system increases, the hybrid MNG slab improves the performance of the system more obviously. Therefore, the proposed hybrid MNG slab is also suitable for the wireless power supply system of implantable medical devices (e.g., capsule endoscope) working at longer distances.
陈伟华, 侯海涛, 闫孝姮, 陈宏强, 叶智权. 基于混合磁负超材料的心脏起搏器无线供能系统[J]. 电工技术学报, 2023, 38(4): 865-878.
Chen Weihua, Hou Haitao, Yan Xiaoheng, Chen Hongqiang, Ye Zhiquan. Wireless Energy Supply System for Cardiac Pacemaker Based on Hybrid Mu-Negative Metamaterials. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2023, 38(4): 865-878.
[1] Zhao Jinwei, Ghannam Rami, Yuan Mengyao, et al.Design, test and optimization of inductive coupled coils for implantable biomedical devices[J]. Journal of Low Power Electronics, 2019, 15(1): 76-86. [2] Abiri P, Abiri A, Packard R, et al.Inductively powered wireless pacing via a miniature pacemaker and remote stimulation control system[J]. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7(1): 6180-6188. [3] Zhang Ke, Liu Changrong, Jiang Zhihao, et al.Near-field wireless power transfer to deep-tissue implants for biomedical applications[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2019, 68(2): 1098-1106. [4] Campi T, Cruciani S, De Santis V, et al.Induced effects in a pacemaker equipped with a wireless power transfer charging system[J]. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 2017, 53(6): 1-4. [5] 薛明, 杨庆新, 章鹏程, 等. 无线电能传输技术应用研究现状与关键问题[J]. 电工技术学报, 2021, 36(8): 1547-1568. Xue Ming, Yang Qingxin, Zhang Pengcheng, et al.Application status and key issues of wireless power transmission technology[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2021, 36(8): 1547-1568. [6] 张献, 白雪宁, 沙琳, 等. 电动汽车无线充电系统不同结构线圈间互操作性评价方法研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 2020, 35(19): 4150-4160. Zhang Xian, Bai Xuening, Sha Lin, et al.Research on interoperability evaluation method of different coils in wireless charging system of electric vehicle[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2020, 35(19): 4150-4160. [7] Liu Yuanwei, Wang Lifeng, Maged Elkashlan, et al.Two-way relay networks with wireless power transfer: design and performance analysis[J]. IET Communi-cations, 2016, 10(14): 1810-1819. [8] 纪鑫哲, 周琬善, 刘久付, 等. 基于双边LCL与LCC混合补偿的电动汽车恒流恒压无线充电系统的研究[J]. 电气技术, 2021, 22(2): 17-20. Ji Xinzhe, Zhou Wanshan, Liu Jiufu, et al.Research on constant current and constant voltage wireless charging system of electric vehicle based on hybrid compensation of bilateral LCL and LCC[J]. Electrical Engineering, 2021, 22(2): 17-20. [9] 吉莉, 王丽芳, 廖承林, 等. 基于LCL谐振补偿网络的副边自动切换充电模式无线电能传输系统研究与设计[J]. 电工技术学报, 2018, 33(增刊1): 34-40. Ji Li, Wang Lifang, Liao Chenglin, et al.Research and design of automatic alteration constant current mode and constant voltage mode at the secondary side based on LCL compensation network in wireless power transfer systems[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2018, 33(S1): 34-40. [10] 贾金亮, 闫晓强. 磁耦合谐振式无线电能传输特性研究动态[J]. 电工技术学报, 2020, 35(20): 4217-4231. Jia Jinliang, Yan Xiaoqiang.Research trends of magnetic coupling resonant wireless power transfer characteristics[J]. Transactions of China Electro-technical Society, 2020, 35(20): 4217-4231. [11] 李文龙, 龚荣洲, 程用志, 等. 基于负磁超材料增强的无线能量传输系统设计[J]. 微波学报, 2015, 31(6): 49-53. Li Wenlong, Gong Rongzhou, Cheng Yongzhi, et al.A design of the wireless power transfer system based on negative-permeability metamaterial[J]. Journal of Microwaves, 2015, 31(6): 49-53. [12] 姚辰, 马殿光, 唐厚君, 等. 超颖材料在无线电能传输中的应用方法[J]. 电工技术学报, 2015, 30(19): 110-119. Yao Chen, Ma Dianguang, Tang Houjun, et al.Appli-cation methods of metamaterials in wireless power transfer[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2015, 30(19): 110-119. [13] 兰楚文. 超材料和变换光学在拉普拉斯场控制中的研究及其应用[D]. 北京: 清华大学, 2017. [14] Schurig D, Mock J J, Justice B J, et al.Metamaterial electromagnetic cloak at microwave frequencies[J]. Science, 2006, 314(5801): 977-980. [15] Freire M J, Jelinek L, Marques R, et al.On the applications of metamaterial lenses for magnetic resonance imaging[J]. Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 2010, 203(1): 81-90. [16] Ahmad A, Alam M S, Mohamed A.Design and interoperability analysis of quadruple pad structure for electric vehicle wireless charging application[J]. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 2019, 5(4): 934-945. [17] 胡宏晟, 蔡涛, 段善旭, 等. 用于WPT系统的一次侧失谐SS型补偿拓扑及其参数设计方法[J]. 电工技术学报, 2017, 32(18): 73-82. Hu Hongsheng, Cai Tao, Duan Shanxu, et al.Study of the primary side detuned series-series compensated topology and parameter design for WPT system[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2017, 32(18): 73-82. [18] 谢文燕, 陈为. 基于组合补偿网络的抗偏移恒流输出无线电能传输系统研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 2022, 37(6): 1495-1512. Xie Wenyan, Chen Wei.Research on anti-offset constant-current output wireless power transfer system based on combined compensation network[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2022, 37(6): 1495-1512. [19] Ranaweera A K, Moscoso C A, Lee J W.Anisotropic metamaterial for efficiency enhancement of mid-range wireless power transfer under coil misali-gnment[J]. Journal of Physics D Applied Physics, 2015, 48(45): 455104. [20] Chen W C, Bingham C M, Mak K M, et al.Extremely subwavelength planar magnetic metamaterials[J]. Physical Review B, 2012, 85(20): 201104. [21] Gong Zhi, Yang Shiyou.One-dimensional stacking miniaturized low-frequency metamaterial bulk for near-field applications[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 2020, 127(11): 114901. [22] Cho Y, Kim J J, Kim D H, et al.Thin PCB-type metamaterials for improved efficiency and reduced EMF leakage in wireless power transfer systems[J]. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory & Tech-niques, 2016, 64(2): 353-364. [23] Cho Y, Lee S, Kim D H, et al.Thin hybrid metamaterial slab with negative and zero permeability for high efficiency and low electromagnetic field in wireless power transfer systems[J]. IEEE Transa-ctions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2018, 60(4): 1001-1009. [24] Cummer S A, Popa B I, Hand T H.Q-based design equations and loss limits for resonant metamaterials and experimental validation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2008, 56(1): 127-132. [25] 田子建, 陈健, 樊京, 等. 基于磁负超材料的无线电能传输系统[J]. 电工技术学报, 2015, 30(12): 1-11. Tian Zijian, Chen Jian, Fan Jing, et al.The wireless power transfer system with magnetic metamaterials[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2015, 30(12): 1-11. [26] 高鹏飞, 田子建, 吴君, 等. 共轴非平行非对称线圈结构对MCR-WPT效率的影响[J]. 煤炭学报, 2018, 43(5): 1479-1486. Gao Pengfei, Tian Zijian, Wu Jun, et al.Effect of asymmetric coils with non-parallel coaxial on the transfer efficiency of MCR-WPT[J]. Journal of China Coal Society, 2018, 43(5): 1479-1486. [27] International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electro-magnetic fields (up to 300 GHz)[J]. Health Physics, 1998, 74(4): 494-522. [28] Lin J C.A new IEEE standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio-frequency radi-ation[J]. IEEE Antennas & Propagation Magazine, 2006, 48(1): 157-159. [29] Gabriel S, Lau R W, Gabriel C.The dielectric pro-perties of biological tissues: Ⅲ. Parametric models for the dielectric spectrum of tissues[J]. Physics in Medicine & Biology, 1996, 41(11): 2271. [30] Widmaier E P, Raff H, Strang K T.Vander's human physiology[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006.
2023, Vol. 38 
