Coordinated Optimization Strategy of Electric Vehicle Cluster Participating in Energy and Frequency Regulation Markets Considering Battery Lifetime Degradation
Zhang Qian, Deng Xiaosong, Yue Huanzhan, Sun Tao, Liu Zhiqiang
State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology Chongqing University Chongqing 400044 China
Abstract：For solving the problem that the additional battery loss caused by electric vehicle (EV) participating in the electricity markets will reduce the participation willingness and increase the range anxiety of EV users, the coordinated optimization strategy of electric vehicle cluster participating in energy and frequency regulation markets considering battery lifetime degradation is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the main factors of battery decay caused by battery discharging are studied, the battery cycle life degradation model considering the discharge depth and discharge period is established. Then, the linear constraints of EV scheduling power and frequency regulation capacity, and the linear constraints of discharge cycles are constructed, sequentially the coordinated optimization model of EV scheduling power and frequency regulation capacity is established with the market prices and the goal of maximizing EV cluster profits. Finally, study cases show that the proposed strategy can avoid irregular discharge behaviors of EV, such as frequent charge and discharge, deep discharge, and discharge with high energy, thus greatly reduce the battery degradation of EV participating in the electricity markets while ensuring users’ benefits, which is conducive to promoting EV participating in the V2G.
张谦, 邓小松, 岳焕展, 孙韬, 刘志强. 计及电池寿命损耗的电动汽车参与能量-调频市场协同优化策略[J]. 电工技术学报, 2022, 37(1): 72-81.
Zhang Qian, Deng Xiaosong, Yue Huanzhan, Sun Tao, Liu Zhiqiang. Coordinated Optimization Strategy of Electric Vehicle Cluster Participating in Energy and Frequency Regulation Markets Considering Battery Lifetime Degradation. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2022, 37(1): 72-81.
[1] 陈鹏伟, 戚陈陈, 陈新, 等. 附加频率控制双馈风电场频率响应特性建模与参数辨识[J]. 电工技术学报, 2021, 36(15): 3293-3307. Chen Pengwei, Qi Chenchen, Chen Xin, et al. Frequency response modeling and parameter identification of doubly-fed wind farm with additional frequency control[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2021, 36(15): 3293-3307. [2] 李军徽, 侯涛, 穆钢, 等. 电力市场环境下考虑风电调度和调频极限的储能优化控制[J]. 电工技术学报, 2021, 36(9) :1791-1804. Li Junhui, Hou Tao, Mu Gang, et al. Optimal control strategy for energy storage considering wind farm scheduling plan and modulation frequency limitation under electricity market environment[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2021, 36(9): 1791-1804. [3] Zhang Qian, Li Yan, Li Chen, et al. Grid frequency regulation strategy considering individual driving demand of electric vehicle[J]. Electric Power Systems Research, 2018, 163: 38-48. [4] 陈天锦, 牛高远, 甘江华, 等. 基于虚拟同步策略的电动汽车V2G充放电系统研究及样机实现[J]. 电力系统保护与控制, 2021, 49(3): 131-141. Chen Tianjin, Niu Gaoyuan, Gan Jianghua, et al. Research and prototype manufacture on electric vehicle V2G systems based on virtual synchronous control strategy[J]. Power System Protection and Control, 2021, 49(3): 131-141. [5] 娄素华, 张立静, 吴耀武, 等. 低碳经济下电动汽车集群与电力系统间的协调优化运行[J]. 电工技术学报, 2017, 32(5): 176-183. Lou Suhua, Zhang Lijing, Wu Yaowu, et al. Coordination operation of electric vehicles and power system under low-carbon economy[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2017, 32(5): 176-183. [6] 姚一鸣, 赵溶生, 李春燕, 等. 面向电力系统灵活性的电动汽车控制策略[J/OL]. 电工技术学报: 1-12[2021-08-07]. DOI:10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.210515. Yao Yiming, Zhao Rongsheng, Li Chunyan, et al. Control strategy of electric vehicles oriented to power system flexibility[J/OL]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 1-12[2021-08-07]. [7] 许刚, 张丙旭, 张广超.电动汽车集群并网的分布式鲁棒优化调度模型[J]. 电工技术学报, 2021, 36(3): 565-578. Xu Gang, Zhang Bingxu, Zhang Guangchao.Distributed and robust optimal scheduling model for large-scale electric vehicles connected to grid[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2021, 36(3): 565-578. [8] 袁桂丽, 苏伟芳.计及电动汽车不确定性的虚拟电厂参与AGC调频服务研究[J]. 电网技术, 2020, 44(7) :2538-2548. Yuan Guili, Su Weifang.Virtual power plants providing AGC FM service considering uncertainty of electric vehicles[J]. Power System Technology, 2020, 44(7): 2538-2548. [9] 项雷军, 陈昊, 郭新华, 等. 基于模糊分数阶PID的含电动汽车的多能源微电网二次频率控制[J]. 电力自动化设备, 2021, 41(11): 74-80. Xiang Leijun, Chen Hao, Guo Xinhua, et al. Secondary frequency control of multi-energy microgrid with electric vehicles based on fuzzy fractional-order PID[J]. Electric Power Automation Equipment, 2021, 41(11): 74-80 [10] Zhang Qian, Li Yan, Li Chen.Grid frequency regulation strategy considering individual driving demand of electric vehicle[J]. Electric Power Systems Research, 2018, 163: 38-48. [11] 吴巨爱, 薛禹胜, 谢东亮.电动汽车聚合商对备用服务能力的优化[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2019, 43(9): 75-81. Wu Ju’ai, Xue Yusheng, Xie Dongliang.Optimization of reserve service capability made by electric vehicle aggregator[J]. Auromation of Electric Power Systems, 2019, 43(9): 75-81. [12] Habibifar R, Lekvan A A, Ehsan M.A risk-constrained decision support tool for EV aggregators participating in energy and frequency regulation markets[J]. Electric Power Systems Research, 2020, 185: 106367. [13] 吴洲洋, 艾欣, 胡俊杰.电动汽车聚合商参与调频备用的调度方法与收益分成机制[J]. 电网技术, 2021, 45(3): 1041-1050. Wu Zhouyang, Ai Xin, Hu Junjie.Dispatching and income distributing of electric vehicle aggregators’ participation in frequency regulation[J]. Power System Technology, 2021, 45(3): 1041-1050. [14] 王晞, 汪伟, 王海燕, 等. 计及用户电池损耗的电动汽车分布式两阶段调度策略[J/OL]. 电测与仪表: 1-8[2021-08-07]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/23.1202.TH.20210719.1053.002.html. Wang Xi, Wang Wei, Wang Haiyan, et al. Distributed two-stage scheduling strategy of EV considering user battery consumption[J/OL]. Electrical Measurement & Instrumentation: 1-8[2021-08-07]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/23.1202.TH.20210719.1053.002.html. [15] Msa B, Nar A, Mam C, et al. Charge coordination and battery lifecycle analysis of electric vehicles with V2G implementation[J]. Electric Power Systems Research, 2020, 184: 106307. [16] 杨晓东, 张有兵, 翁国庆, 等. 基于虚拟电价的电动汽车充放电优化调度及其实现机制研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 2016, 31(17): 52-62. Yang Xiaodong, Zhang Youbin, Weng Guoqing, et al. Virtual time-of-use tariffs based optimal scheduling and lmplementation mechanism of electric vehicles charging and discharging[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2016, 31(17): 52-62. [17] 雷敏, 华一飞, 赵洪山, 等. 计及电池寿命的电动汽车参与电网调峰策略[J]. 现代电力, 2020, 37(5): 510-517. Lei Min, Hua Yifei, Zhao Hongshan, et al. Strategy of electric vehicles participating peak load regulation of power grid considering battery life[J]. Modern Electric Power, 2020, 37(5): 510-517. [18] Arias N B, Hashemi S, Andersen P B, et al. Assessment of economic benefits for EV owners participating in the primary frequency regulation markets[J]. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2020, 120: 105985. [19] Wang Xinan, Wang Jianhui, Liu Jianzhe.V2G frequency regulation capacity optimal scheduling for battery swapping station using deep Q-network[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2021, 17(2): 1342-1351. [20] 董婷婷.增程式电动车能量管理及电池寿命研究[D]. 长春: 吉林大学, 2013. [21] 赵平, 赵期期, 艾小猛.考虑极限场景的主动配电网重构与无功电压调整联合鲁棒优化[J/OL]. 电工技术学报:1-11[2021-08-07]. https://doi.org/10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.L90356. Zhao ping, Zhao Qiqi, Ai Xiaomeng.Network reconfiguration and reactive power voltage regulation coordinated robust optimization for active distribution network considering extreme scenarios[J/OL]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 1-11[2021-08-07]. [22] PJM Data Website “PJM Data Miner2,” Accessed on: August.2021.[Online]. Available: https://dataminer2.pjm.com/list. [23] 张洪财, 胡泽春, 宋成华, 等. 考虑时空分布的电动汽车充电负荷预测方法[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2014, 38(1): 13-20. Zhang Hongcai, Hu Zechun, Song Chenghua, et al. A prediction method for electric vehicle charging load considering spatial and 'temporal distribution[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2014, 38(1): 13-20. [24] 党杰, 汤奕, 宁佳, 等. 基于用户意愿和出行规律的电动汽车充电负荷分配策略[J]. 电力系统保护与控制, 2015, 43(16): 8-15. Dang Jie, Tang Yi, Ning Jia, et al. A strategy for distribution of electric vehicles charging load based on user intention and trip rule[J]. Power System Protection and Control, 2015, 43(16): 8-15. [25] 戴越繁, 杨伟.计及电池动态损耗的电动汽车分层调度策略[J]. 电测与仪表, 2021, 58(7): 19-26. Dai Yuefan, Yang Wei.A hierarchical optimal scheduling strategy for electric vehicles considering dynamic battery loss[J]. Electrical Measurement & Instrumentation, 2021, 58(7): 19-26. [26] Deng Xiaosong, Zhang Qian, Li Yan, et al. Hierarchical distributed frequency regulation strategy of electric vehicle cluster considering demand charging load optimization[C]//2020 IEEE 3rd Student Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, 2020: 959-969.
2022, Vol. 37 
