Research on the Ratio and Spatial Layout of the GFL/GFM Power Supply under the Constraint of Voltage Imbalance in the Wind Power Integration System
Gao Benfeng1, Zhang Jiangfang1, Wu Linlin2, Wang Xiao2, Sun Dawei2, Yu Siqi2
1. Hebei Key Laboratory of Distributed Energy Storage and Micro-grid North China Electric Power University Baoding 071003 China; 2. State Grid Jibei Electric Power Research Institute North China Electric Power Research Institution Co., Ltd. Beijing 100045 China
Abstract：With the increasing installation of grid-following (GFL) based renewable energy systems, AC grids are characterized by low short-circuit ratios and weak inertia. Grid-forming (GFM) control provides better voltage and frequency support than GFL control. Therefore, deploying a portion of GFM converters at renewable energy bases can improve grid short-circuit ratios and system stability. However, large-scale centralized integration of renewable energy is prone to voltage unbalance due to the inherent uncontrollable and intermittent output characteristics of wind power. The mechanisms, influencing factors, and patterns of voltage unbalance in wind power collection systems after GFM integration remain unclear. The voltage unbalance in hybrid GFL/GFM wind farm systems should be studied to enable reasonable allocation and siting of GFM converters. This study takes a typical practical wind power integration system as the research object. First, negative-sequence impedance models are established for GFL and GFM wind turbines, and the wind farm's negative-sequence impedance under different GFM integration scenarios is derived. Second, based on the excitation-response relationship in the negative-sequence equivalent circuit of the wind power system, the mechanism of voltage unbalance under unbalanced grid conditions is analyzed. Then, the influence of key generation-side factors—such as the number of turbines and the spatial layout of wind farms—on voltage unbalance at the collection bus is analyzed before and after GFM integration. Under the same number of integrated GFM units, different integration scenarios have different effects on system voltage unbalance. Retrofitting GFM units may worsen voltage unbalance at the collection bus, while adding new GFM units can reduce it. Moreover, the location of GFM units affects the degree of voltage unbalance: units closer to the collection bus have a greater impact than those farther away. Finally, the theoretical analysis is verified using the PSCAD/EMTDC electromagnetic transient simulation platform. The following conclusions are drawn from theoretical analysis and simulations. (1) The excitation-response relationship based on the negative-sequence equivalent circuit is suitable for analyzing the mechanism and influencing patterns of voltage unbalance in wind power integration systems. (2) In traditional GFL-based wind farms, reducing the number of turbines aggravates voltage unbalance at the collection bus, with nearby farms having a greater impact. (3) In hybrid wind farms with GFM integration, increasing the proportion of GFM units has varying effects on voltage unbalance depending on their locations. Retrofitting GFM units exacerbates voltage unbalance, while adding new GFM units reduces it. The impact of adding GFM at the 220 kV bus is significantly greater than at the 35 kV bus. This paper provides a theoretical basis for tracing the sources of voltage unbalance in GFM-integrated wind power systems, offering insights into mitigating voltage unbalance and improving power quality in renewable grids with high GFM penetration. Future work will focus on unbalanced analysis that accounts for equipment capacity constraints and voltage-current operational limits.
高本锋, 张江放, 吴林林, 王潇, 孙大卫, 于思奇. 风电汇集系统电压不平衡约束下的跟/构网型电源配比与空间布局研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 2026, 41(10): 3519-3535.
Gao Benfeng, Zhang Jiangfang, Wu Linlin, Wang Xiao, Sun Dawei, Yu Siqi. Research on the Ratio and Spatial Layout of the GFL/GFM Power Supply under the Constraint of Voltage Imbalance in the Wind Power Integration System. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2026, 41(10): 3519-3535.
[1] 张黄萌, 舒思睿, 李锡林, 等. 面向同步稳定性的电力电子并网变流器分析与控制研究综述[J]. 电工技术学报, 2024, 39(19): 5978-5994. Huang Meng, Shu Sirui, Li Xilin, et al.A review of synchronization-stability-oriented analysis and control of power electronic grid-connected converters[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2024, 39(19): 5978-5994. [2] 刘辉, 于思奇, 孙大卫, 等. 构网型变流器控制技术及原理综述[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2025, 45(1): 277-297. Liu Hui, Yu Siqi, Sun Dawei, et al.An overview of control technologies and principles for grid-forming converters[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2025, 45(1): 277-297. [3] 孙东伟, 张旸, 温步瀛, 等. 增强同步稳定的构网型变流器虚拟惯量限流方法[J]. 电气技术, 2025, 26(4): 1-6, 60. Sun Dongwei, Zhang Yang, Wen Buying, et al.Virtual inertia current limiting method for grid- forming converters with enhanced synchronous stability[J]. Electrical Engineering, 2025, 26(4):1-6, 60. [4] 李彦晨, 贾燕冰, 谢栋, 等. 计及电能质量影响的配电网风储优化配置[J]. 电网技术, 2023, 47(6): 2391-2404. Li Yanchen, Jia Yanbing, Xie Dong, et al.Optimal configuration of wind turbine and energy storage system in distribution network considering the influence of power quality[J]. Power System Tech- nology, 2023, 47(6): 2391-2404. [5] 徐海亮, 吴瀚, 李志, 等. 低短路比电网下含负序控制双馈风机稳定性研究的几个关键问题[J]. 电工技术学报, 2021, 36(22): 4688-4702. Xu Hailiang, Wu Han, Li Zhi, et al.Research on small signal stability several key issues on stability study of DFIG-based wind turbines with negative sequence control during low short-circuit ratio power grids[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2021, 36(22): 4688-4702. [6] 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局, 中国国家标准化管理委员会. 电能质量三相电压不平衡: GB/T 15543—2008[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2009. [7] 刘其辉, 逄思敏, 吴林林, 等. 大规模风电汇集系统电压不平衡机理、因素及影响规律[J]. 电工技术学报, 2022, 37(21): 5435-5450. Liu Qihui, Pang Simin, Wu Linlin, et al.The mechanism, factors and influence rules of voltage imbalance in wind power integration areas[J]. Transac- tions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2022, 37(21): 5435-5450. [8] 康祎龙, 郑婷婷, 苗世洪, 等. 不平衡电网电压下双馈感应发电机系统串联和并联网侧变换器协调控制策略[J]. 电工技术学报, 2018, 33(S1): 193-204. Kang Yilong, Zheng Tingting, Miao Shihong, et al.Coordinated control strategy of series and parallel grid side converters for DFIG system under unba- lanced grid voltage[J]. Transactions of China Elec- trotechnical Society,2018,33(S1):193-204. [9] 肖湘宁. 电能质量分析与控制[M]. 中国电力出版社, 2010. [10] 张彬, 井明川, 张继恒. 申华协合汞宝拉格风电场三相不平衡治理[J]. 机电工程技术, 2010, 39(3): 99-103. Zhang Bin, Jing Mingchuan, Zhang Jiheng.Utilizing the static var compensator for solving wind electric field three-phase unbalance problems[J]. Mechanical & Electrical Engineering Technology, 2010, 39(3): 99-103. [11] 廖坤玉, 陶顺, 姚黎婷, 等. 不平衡负荷负序加权等效模型及其平衡化补偿方法[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2017, 37(19): 5594-5603, 5836. Liao Kunyu, Tao Shun, Yao Liting, et al.Negative sequence weighted equivalent model of unbalanced load and its balance compensation method[J]. Pro- ceedings of the CSEE, 2017, 37(19): 5594-5603, 5836. [12] 邹林, 林福昌, 龙兆芝, 等. 输电线路不平衡度影响因素分析[J]. 电网技术, 2008, 32(增刊2): 283-286. Zou Lin, Lin Fuchang, Long Zhaozhi, et al.Influence factors analysis of unbalance parameter for overhead lines[J]. Power System Technology, 2008, 32(S2): 283-286. [13] Chen Can, Liu Hui, Wu Linlin, et al.Voltage unba- lance mechanism research with large-scale wind power integration[C]//2019 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies-Asia (ISGT Asia). Chengdu, China: IEEE, 2019: 1608-1612. [14] 逄思敏, 刘其辉, 石子敬, 等. 考虑线路序阻抗耦合的风电并网系统电压不平衡机理及抑制方法研究[J]. 电网技术, 2024, 48(2): 552-566. Pang Simin, Liu Qihui, Shi Zijin, et al.Voltage imbalance mechanism and suppression of wind power integration system considering sequence impedance coupling of transmission lines[J]. Power System Technology, 2024, 48(2): 552-566. [15] 王龙悦, 胡鹏飞, 于彦雪, 等. 基于混合同步控制的构网型变流器不对称故障下的暂态稳定分析[J].电力系统自动化, 2025, 49(2): 20-29. Wang Longyue, Hu Pengfei, Yu Yanxue, et al.Transient stability analysis under asymmetric faults in grid-forming converters with hybrid synchronization control[J]. Power System Automation, 2025, 49(2): 20-29. [16] 张雪娟, 孙士云, 郑新宇, 等. 含风电扩展单机无穷大系统不对称故障下的暂态稳定性分析[J]. 现代电力, 2020, 37(4): 368-375. Zhang Xuejuan, Sun Shiyun, Zheng Xinyu, et al.Quantitative analysis on transient stability of extended single-machine infinite system containing DFIG under asymmetric faults[J]. Modern Electric Power, 2020, 37(4): 368-375. [17] 熊浩, 杜雄, 孙鹏菊, 等. 三相并网变流器在电网不对称故障时的有功功率安全运行区域[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2018, 38(20): 6110-6118. Xiong Hao, Du Xiong, Sun Pengju, et al.Active power safe operation region of three-phase grid- connected voltage source converter under unbalanced grid faults[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2018, 38(20): 6110-6118. [18] 刘昊霖, 贾科, 毕天姝, 等. 接入新能源大基地汇集系统的柔直换流站低电压穿越方法[J]. 电工技术学报, 2025, 40(3): 759-770. Liu Haolin, Jia Ke, Bi Tianshu, et al.Low voltage ride through methods for flexible DC converter stations connected to the gathering system of new energy base[J]. Transactions of China Electro- technical Society, 2025, 40(3): 759-770. [19] 王震, 程鹏, 贾利民. 基于对称控制的三相并网变流器单输入单输出阻抗建模与分析[J]. 电工技术学报, 2024, 39(6): 1777-1791. Wang Zhen, Cheng Peng, Jia Limin.Single-input single-output impedance modeling and analysis of three-phase grid-tied converter based on symmetric control[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2024, 39(6): 1777-1791. [20] 高本锋, 郑展翔, 邓晓洋, 等. 计及不同强度电网的直驱风电机组控制参数稳定域分析[J/OL]. 华北电力大学学报, 1-15. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/13.1212.tm.20240403.1337.002.html. Gao Benfeng, Zheng Zhanxiang, Deng Xiaoyang. Stability region analysis of control parameters of direct drive wind turbines[J/OL]. Journal of North China Electric Power University, 1-15. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/13.1212.tm.20240403.1337.002.html. [21] 高本锋, 邓鹏程, 孙大卫, 等. 基于匹配控制的构网型直驱风电场次同步振荡机理与特性研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 2024, 39(9): 2755-2770. Gao Benfeng, Deng Pengcheng, Sun Dawei, et al.Mechanism and characteristics of subsynchronous oscillation of grid-forming direct-drive wind farm based on matching control[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2024, 39(9): 2755-2770. [22] 刘欣, 邓昊, 贾焦心, 等. 含构网型与跟网型逆变器的多变流器系统小干扰稳定性分析方法[J]. 电工技术学报, 2025, 40(15): 4722-4739. Liu Xin, Deng Hao, Jia Jiaoxin, et al.Small-signal stability analysis method for multi-converter system with grid-forming and grid-following inverters[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2025, 40(15): 4722-4739. [23] 辛焕海, 王宇轩, 刘晨曦, 等. 提高新能源场站稳定性的构网型与跟网型变流器容量配比估算[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2024, 44(14): 5463-5473. Xin Huanhai, Wang Yuxuan, Liu Chenxi, et al.Esti- mation of capacity ratios between grid-forming and grid-following converters for improving the stability of renewable energy stations[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2024, 44(14): 5463-5473. [24] IEEE. IEEE Std1547-2018 (revision of IEEE std 1547-2003)-IEEE standard for interconnection and interoperability of distributed energy resources with associated electric power systems interfaces[S]. New York: IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21, 2018. [25] 赵书强, 赵质淼, 邵冰冰. 弱交流电网下不同位置的直驱风机次同步振荡特性影响的比较分析[J]. 华北电力大学学报, 2020, 47(6): 1-9. Zhao Shuqiang, Zhao Zhimiao, Shao Bingbing.Comparative analysis of the influence of PMSG at different positions on subsynchronous oscillation characteristics in weak AC power grid[J]. Journal of North China Electric Power University, 2020, 47(6): 1-9.
2026, Vol. 41 
