电压敏感型负荷参与频率响应的分层模型预测控制策略

doi:10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.242243

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摘要

构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统是实现“双碳”目标的重要举措,而新能源的大规模并网使得系统亟需更多调频资源来保证频率安全。电压敏感型负荷是需求侧重要的调频资源,其消耗的有功功率与电压密切相关。为此,本文提出了一种针对电压敏感型负荷的控制策略,通过控制无功设备来调节负荷节点电压,从而改变其有功功率,以参与频率响应。该策略分为两层：上层基于集中式模型预测控制设计,根据频率测量值计算负荷有功功率参考值,并将其提供给下层;下层基于分散式模型预测控制设计,由多个本地鲁棒控制器构成,每个本地控制器根据上层提供的负荷有功功率参考值计算其对应无功设备的无功功率。下层本地控制器之间互不通信,使用基于管道的鲁棒方法补偿通信缺失。仿真结果验证了该策略的有效性。

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关键词 ：模型预测控制, 分层控制, 电压敏感型负荷, 频率响应, 电压控制

Abstract：

Driven by the national goal of “double carbon”, China's power system is accelerating the transition to a new kind of power system with high renewable energy penetration. However, the inherent intermittency and low inertia characteristics of renewable energy bring challenges to the frequency stability of the power grid. In this context, modern power systems require additional frequency regulation resources to ensure grid stability. Voltage-dependent loads are important frequency regulation resources, whose active power consumption is strongly correlated with bus voltage. For this reason, this paper proposes a control strategy for voltage-dependent loads. The proposed strategy regulates multiple reactive power devices, controlling the bus voltage of the load to change its active power consumption and contributing to frequency response.
Firstly, the proposed strategy has two layers. The upper layer, employing centralized model predictive control (MPC), calculates the active power references of loads and delivers the references into the lower layer. The lower layer employs decentralized MPC to calculate the reactive power of reactive power devices based on the active power references of the loads from the upper layer. Secondly, the control problem formulation of the lower layer includes the dynamic models of voltage-dependent loads and bus voltages, thus realizing effective load active power control without violating voltage constraints. Thirdly, the lower decentralized MPC strategy consists of multiple local controllers that do not communicate with each other, and the interactions between controllers are regarded as disturbances. A tube-based robust method is used to compensate for the communication deficiencies and achieve suboptimal control, thus significantly reducing the communication burden.
Simulation results on the modified IEEE 39-bus system show that, when a 522 MW load is suddenly disconnected, the grid frequency rises to 50.29 Hz at the highest level without the load support and is stabilized at 50.19 Hz in the end. If the conventional droop control is employed to regulate the voltage-dependent loads to participate in the frequency response, then the grid frequency rises to 50.22 Hz and eventually stabilizes at 50.16 Hz. In contrast, if the proposed hierarchical MPC strategy is adopted for voltage-dependent loads, the grid frequency rises to 50.18 Hz and is finally stabilized at 50.08 Hz. Based on the above analysis, it can be learned that, compared with the traditional droop control, the hierarchical MPC strategy for voltage-dependent loads reduces the peak and steady-state values of the frequency and significantly improves the frequency dynamics.
We can draw the following conclusions from the simulation results: (1) When an over-frequency event occurs, the proposed hierarchical MPC strategy makes the reactive power outputs of reactive devices increase rapidly. In this way, the voltage amplitude of the entire grid rises, and thus the active power consumption of voltage-dependent loads increases, effectively mitigating the severity of the over-frequency event. (2) To realize effective frequency control, the proposed hierarchical MPC strategy takes into account the dynamic model of voltage-dependent loads, grid frequency and bus voltage, and can dynamically adjust the outputs of reactive power devices according to the specific situation. (3) During the frequency response, the hierarchical MPC strategy can still effectively limit the bus voltages within the constraints even in the absence of communication between reactive power devices. In contrast, the bus voltages under the conventional droop control strategy suffer from voltage violations.

Key words： Model predictive control hierarchical control voltage-dependent load frequency response voltage control

收稿日期: 2024-12-23

PACS:

TM73

基金资助:

国家自然科学基金资助项目（52077165）

通讯作者: 寇鹏男,1983年生,博士,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为可再生能源并网、电力系统预测与控制等。E-mail：koupeng@mail.xjtu.edu.cn

作者简介: 张远航男,1998年生,博士研究生,研究方向为电力系统调频调压、预测控制、新能源发电。E-mail：zhangyh1998@stu.xjtu.edu.cn

引用本文:

张远航, 寇鹏, 梅铭洋, 田润泽, 梁得亮. 电压敏感型负荷参与频率响应的分层模型预测控制策略[J]. 电工技术学报, 0, (): 250436-. Zhang Yuanhang, Kou Peng, Mei Mingyang, Tian Runze, Liang Deliang. Control of Voltage-Dependent Loads for Grid Frequency Response Based on Hierarchical Model Predictive Control. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 0, (): 250436-.

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