模块化多电平固态变压器单桥臂电压传感器的电容电压监测与平衡方法

doi:10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.251496

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摘要子模块电容电压的实时监测和平衡是模块化多电平固态变压器（MMC SST）安全稳定运行的前提。针对现有MMC SST传统平衡方法电压传感器过多和无传感器方法无法监测电容电压的问题,该文提出一种基于单桥臂电压传感器的电容电压监测和平衡方法,将每桥臂电压传感器数量从N个减少至1个,显著降低系统成本和复杂度。首先,基于MMC SST数学模型和子模块工作模式提出单传感器下电容电压准确预测算法;然后,建立子模块电容电荷增量模型,揭示电容充放电差异特性,提出基于开关信号脉冲宽度和单传感器的电容电压监测与平衡方法。仿真和实验结果表明：所提方法仅需单个桥臂电压传感器且能够有效监测子模块电容电压,误差小于1%;与N个传感器方法相比,所提方法在电容电压波动、系统传输电流和动态自恢复特性等方面具有高近似性和有效性;与无传感器方法相比,所提方法显著降低了电压波动和直流偏置,优化了系统传输性能和抗电压动态偏移特性。

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关键词 ：电容电压平衡, 模块化多电平固态变压器, 单桥臂电压传感器, 电压预测

Abstract：Real-time monitoring and balancing of submodule（SM）capacitor voltages are prerequisites for the safe and stable operation of modular multilevel converter-based solid-state transformer（MMC SSTs). However, conventional multi-sensor balancing methods require numerous voltage sensors, leading to high hardware costs, while sensorless balancing methods struggle to monitor the real-time status of SM capacitor voltages. Existing research lacks effective methods for reducing the number of sensors in MMC SST capacitor voltage monitoring and balancing. Therefore, this paper proposes a capacitor-voltage monitoring and balancing method using a single-arm voltage sensor, reducing the number of voltage sensors per arm from N to 1.
First, the mathematical model of the MMC SST under sine-square-wave modulation is established. Based on the switching patterns of medium-and high-frequency MMCs, a prediction algorithm for SM capacitor voltages is proposed using a single arm-voltage sensor. Subsequently, by establishing a model for the incremental charge on SM capacitors, the charge-accumulation effect is revealed, clarifying the mechanism behind the voltage imbalance in SM capacitors. Finally, according to the prediction algorithm and the charge-accumulation effect, a monitoring and balancing method for MMC SST SM capacitor voltages is proposed. This method utilizes the pulse width of switching signals and operates with a single sensor. Through real-time monitoring and dynamic adjustment, it monitors and balances SM capacitor voltages under a single-arm-voltage-sensor configuration, ensuring the safe and stable operation of the MMC-H system.
A 10 kV MMC-H SST simulation model was built in Matlab/Simulink. The results demonstrate that compared with traditional N-sensor and sensorless methods, the proposed method achieves comparable capacitor voltage balancing and ripple suppression while significantly reducing the number of sensors. The proposed method offers greater resilience to voltage deviations and lower transmission current stress than the sensorless balancing method. Simulations with added noise and a signal delay show that the proposed method has good anti-interference capability.
A hardware-in-the-loop platform was established for a 10 kV/1 MW MMC-H SST using a Yuankuan MT6060 circuit emulator and a self-developed controller. Comparative experiments on SM capacitor voltage monitoring and balancing were conducted. The results show that, compared to the N-sensor monitoring and balancing method, the proposed method achieves a capacitor voltage prediction error of less than 1%, delivers nearly equivalent capacitor voltage balancing performance, dynamic self-recovery characteristics, and system power transfer performance. Furthermore, it enables capacitor voltage balancing across the entire voltage-gain and full-power-transfer range, exhibiting strong dynamic stability and robustness.

Key words： Capacitor voltage balancing modular multilevel converter based solid-state transformer（MMC SST) single arm-voltage sensor voltage prediction

收稿日期: 2025-08-28

PACS:

TM46

基金资助:重庆市技术创新与应用发展专项重大项目（CSTB2024TIAD-STX0024）和重庆市高等教育教学改革研究一般项目（233065）资助

通讯作者: 潘建宇男,1989年生,博士,教授,研究方向为中高压变换器控制、SiC电驱动和高电压放电防护技术。E-mail: panjianyu@cqu.edu.cn

作者简介: 尹芊女,2001年生,硕士研究生,研究方向为大功率直流固态变压器的优化控制技术。E-mail: yinqian@stu.cqu.edu.cn

引用本文:

潘建宇, 尹芊, 席舒熠, 许中, 李剑. 模块化多电平固态变压器单桥臂电压传感器的电容电压监测与平衡方法[J]. 电工技术学报, 2026, 41(16): 5564-5577. Pan Jianyu, Yin Qian, Xi Shuyi, Xu Zhong, Li Jian. Capacitor Voltage Monitoring and Balancing Method for MMC-Based Solid-State Transformers with Single Arm-Voltage Sensor. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2026, 41(16): 5564-5577.

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