Abstract:Based on energy conservation law, the efficiency at the resonant point of LLC resonant converter was calculated, and accordingly the resonant frequency and the magnetizing inductor were optimized. Then the effecting curves of the resonant inductor on the minimum switching frequency and the maximum output voltage were analyzed, and accordingly the resonant inductor was optimized. Simultaneously, to increase the design accuracy of resonant parameters, the leakage inductor of transformer was calculated based on energy method and considered in the design process of resonant inductor. To verify the proposed design method, a 3.3kW LLC resonant converter prototype applied for on-board charger was developed, where the output voltage ranged from 230V to 430V, the efficiency was higher than 95.9% in the full output voltage range, and the peak efficiency was higher than 97.5%. The experimental results verify that the proposed design method improves the efficiency of the converter in a wide output voltage range.
[1] Mohammad Ali Saket, Navid Shafei, Martin Ordonez. LLC Converters with planar transformers: issues and mitigation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Elec- tronics, 2017, 32(6): 4524-4542. [2] Kim B C, Park K B, Kim C E, et al. LLC resonant converter with adaptive link-voltage variation for a high-power-density adapter[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2010, 25(9): 2248-2252. [3] Ivensky G, Bronshtein S, Abramovitz A. Appro- ximate analysis of resonant LLC DC-DC converter[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2011, 26(11): 3274-3284. [4] Huang Y, Sinopoli L, Petkov R, et al. High voltage, high power, high efficiency, digitally-controlled LLC converter for telecom applications[C]//IEEE Tele- communications Energy Conference, Vancouver, 2014: 1-7. [5] Lee J Y, Chae H J. 6.6kW onboard charger design using DCM PFC converter with harmonic modulation technique and two-stage DC/DC converter[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2014, 61(3): 1243-1252. [6] Musavi F, Craciun M, Gautam D S, et al. Control strategies for wide output voltage range LLC resonant DC-DC converters in battery chargers[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2014, 63(3): 1117-1125. [7] 胡腾, 许烈, 李永东, 等. 混合电动汽车多电平车载变换器的研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 2015, 30(14): 261-268. Hu Teng, Xu Lie, Li Yongdong, et al. Research of multilevel converters on HEV[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2015, 30(14): 261- 268. [8] Fang Zhijian, Cai Tao, Duan Shanxu, et al. Optimal design methodology for LLC, resonant converter in battery charging applications based on time-weighted average efficiency[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2015, 30(10): 5469-5483. [9] Sun Wenjin, Wu Hongfei, Hu Haibing, et al. Design considerations and experimental evaluation for LLC resonant converter with wide battery voltage range[C]// IEEE Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific, Beijing, 2014: 1-6. [10] Kundu U, Yenduri K, Sensarma P. Accurate ZVS analysis for magnetic design and efficiency improve- ment of full-bridge LLC resonant converter[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2017, 32(3): 1703-1706. [11] Hu Zhiyuan, Wang Laili, Qiu Yajie, et al. An accurate design algorithm for LLC resonant converters—part I[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2016, 31(8): 5435-5447. [12] Sun Wenjin, Wu Hongfei, Hu Haibing, et al. Modified LLC resonant converter with secondary parallel bidirectional switch applications with hold- up time requirement[J]. IET Power Electronics, 2017, 10(3): 398-404. [13] Lee I O, Moon G W. The k-Q analysis for an LLC series resonant converter[J]. IET Power Electronics, 2014, 29(1): 13-16. [14] 王泽景, 王颖, 龚春英. 高降压比LLC谐振型直流变压器[J]. 电工技术学报, 2015, 30(14): 193-200. Wang Zejing, Wang Yin, Gong Chunying. High step- down LLC resonant DC-DC transformer[J]. Transa- ctions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2015, 30(14): 193-200. [15] 刘闯, 徐鑫哲, 刘海洋, 等. 基于电流平衡单元的输入并联输出并联型LLC谐振变换器模块[J]. 电工技术学报, 2016, 31(21): 159-167. Liu Chuang, Xu Xinzhe, Liu Haiyang, et al. Current balancing cell based IPOP LLC resonant converter modules[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2016, 31(21): 159-167. [16] Kang S W, Kim H J, Cho B H. Adaptive voltage- controlled oscillator for improved dynamic perfor- mance in LLC resonant converter[J]. IEEE Transa- ctions on Industry Applications, 2016, 52(2): 1652- 1659. [17] Beiranvand R, Rashidian B, Zolghadri M R, et al. Optimizing the normalized dead-time and maximum switching frequency of a wide-adjustable-range LLC resonant converter[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2011, 26(2): 462-472. [18] 石健将, 章江铭, 龙江涛, 等. 高频变压器一次侧串联LLC+输出端并联Buck级联直流变换器[J]. 电工技术学报, 2015, 30(24): 93-102. Shi Jianjiang, Zhang Jiangming, Long Jiangtao, et al. A cascaded DC converter with primary series trans- former LLC and output interleaved Buck[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2015, 30(24): 93-102. [19] 刘闯, 刘艳鹏, 刘海洋, 等. 高频隔离型电动汽车快速直流充电器研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 2016, 31(3): 40-49. Liu Chuang, Liu Yanpeng, Liu Haiyang, et al. Quick DC charger for high-frequency isolation electric vehicles[J]. Transactions of China Eletrotechnical Society, 2016, 31(3): 40-49. [20] 孙孝峰, 申彦峰, 李午英, 等. 交错并联双向Buck/ Boost集成LLC谐振型三端口直流变换器[J]. 电工技术学报, 2016, 31(14): 165-175. Sun Xiaofeng, Shen Yanfeng, Li Wuying, et al. Interleaved bidirectional Buck/Boost and LLC integrated three-port DC-DC converter[J]. Transa- ctions of China Eletrotechnical Society, 2016, 31(14): 165-175. [21] 曹太强, 甘雪, 周川, 等. 对称控制全桥谐振PWM软开关变换器[J]. 电工技术学报, 2016, 31(18): 92-99. Cao Taiqiang, Gan Xue, Zhou Chuan, et al. Research on symmetrical controlled full-bridge resonant PWM converter[J]. Transactions of China Eletrotechnical Society, 2016, 31(18): 92-99. [22] 袁义生, 罗峰, 胡盼安. 一种桥型副边LLC谐振直流-直流变换器[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2014, 34(36): 6415-6425. Yuan Yisheng, Luo Feng, Hu Pan’an. One bridge- type secondary-side LLC resonant DC-DC converter[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2014, 34(36): 6415-6425. [23] 廖家文, 张军明, 张燚, 等. LLC谐振变流器中平面变压器铜损优化设计[J]. 电工技术学报, 2012, 27(2): 109-113. Liao Jiawen, Zhang Junming, Zhang Yi, et al. Winding loss optimization for planar transformer in LLC resonant converter[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2012, 27(2): 109-113. [24] 陈威, 吕征宇. 一种新颖的三电平全桥谐振型软开关DC/DC变流器[J]. 电工技术学报, 2008, 23(3): 52-59. Chen Wei, Lü Zhengyu. A novel three level full bridge resonant DC/DC converter suitable for high power wide range input applicatiosn[J]. Transactions of China Eletrotechnical Society, 2008, 23(3): 52-59. [25] 李锦, 刘进军. 有源中点钳位三电平零电流转换软开关变流器[J]. 电工技术学报, 2013, 28(3): 195-201. Li Jin, Liu Jinjun. Three-level active neutral-point- clamped zero-current-transition converter[J]. Transa- ctions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2013, 28(3): 195-201. [26] 徐恒山, 黄永章. LLC谐振变流器最小工作频率的计算方法[J]. 华北电力大学学报, 2017, 44(4): 29-36. Xu Hengshan, Huang Yongzhang. Calculation method of minimum switching frequency for LLC resonant converter[J]. Journal of North China Electric Power University, 2017, 44(4): 29-36. [27] 陈申, 吕征宇, 姚玮. LLC谐振型软开关直流变压器的研究与实现[J]. 电工技术学报, 2012, 27(10): 163-169. Chen Shen, Lü Zhengyu, Yao Wei. Research and verification on LLC resonant soft switching DC-DC transformer[J]. Transactions of China Electro- technical Society, 2012, 27(10): 163-169. [28] Hurley W G, Wälfle W H. Transformers and inductors for power electronics: theory, design and applications[M]. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, 2013. [29] Wang Haoyu, Dusmez S, Khaligh A. Design and analysis of a full-bridge LLC-based PEV charger optimized for wide battery voltage range[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2014, 63(4): 1603-1613. [30] Ryu S H, Kim D H, Kim J S, et al. Adjustable frequency-duty-cycle hybrid control strategy for full-bridge series resonant converters in electric vehicle chargers[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2014, 61(10): 5354-5362. [31] De Simone S, Adragna C, Spini C. Design guideline for magnetic integration in LLC resonant converters[C]// IEEE International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion, Ischia, Italy, 2008: 950-957.