基于改进S变换-高时间分辨率后处理的HVDC单端故障测距方法

doi:10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.260431

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摘要

高压/特高压直流输电的单端测距方法主要面临反射波性质识别困难、零模波速不确定性等关键问题,制约了测距精度的进一步提升。本文引入了机械故障诊断领域近五年的先进的时频后处理方法：时间重分配多重同步压缩变换(Time-reassigned multisynchrosqueezing transform, TMSST),并针对传统TMSST低频能量发散的问题,提出了一种基于指数型函数的改进型S变换算法及其自适应窗宽控制策略;然后,重新推导改进型S变换的群延迟估计算子,以更精确地提取线/零模行波类强频变信号在不同频率点下的波达时刻、构造精确的单端测距方程;最后,通过改进型S-TMSST提取出线/零模各频率波达时刻、求出波达时刻差点集,选取可用频段并基于非参数核密度估计得出故障距离的最优解。所提出方法能够准确提取各频率下模量时差,良好消除了过渡电阻、故障位置等随机因素的影响,最高抗过渡电阻能力为600 Ω,抗噪上限为45 dB。

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	陈梅云
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关键词 ：高压直流输电, 行波测距, 故障分析, 过渡电阻

Abstract：

Single-ended fault location for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) lines is commonly based on either the time interval between initial and reflected traveling waves or the propagation-time difference between line-mode and zero-mode traveling waves. The former is highly susceptible to misjudgments regarding the nature of reflected waves and wavefront overlap during near-end faults, whereas the latter is severely restricted by the frequency-dependent attenuation and dispersion of zero-mode traveling waves and the uncertainty in wave propagation speed. High transition resistance, varying fault locations, and ambient measurement noise further increase errors in extracting the exact time of arrival (TOA) of traveling waves, making it difficult to maintain consistent fault-location accuracy under different operating conditions.
To address these limitations, this paper proposes a single-ended fault-location method for HVDC lines based on an improved S-transform and high-time-resolution post-processing. The method employs the time-reassigned multisynchrosqueezing transform (TMSST), which has gained prominence in mechanical fault diagnosis over the past five years. TMSST iteratively reassigns time-frequency energy along the time axis, allowing the energy of wideband transient traveling waves at different frequencies to concentrate near their estimated times of arrival, thereby enabling the construction of multi-frequency TOA vectors. However, its performance depends on the front-end time-frequency transform. A short-time Fourier transform (STFT) with a fixed window width may cause low-frequency energy divergence. Although the standard S-transform provides multiresolution analysis, its window width strictly adheres to a fixed inverse proportionality with frequency and therefore cannot simultaneously accommodate the different attenuation and dispersion characteristics of line-mode and zero-mode traveling waves. An exponential adjustment factor is introduced into the Gaussian window of the S-transform to regulate the variation rate of the window width, and the corresponding group delay estimation operator is re-derived. The resulting method is defined as an improved S-transform-based time-reassigned multisynchrosqueezing transform (improved S-TMSST).
The improved S-TMSST is subsequently employed to extract the TOAs of line-mode and zero-mode traveling waves within the effective frequency band. The line-zero-mode arrival-time difference at each frequency is combined with the corresponding frequency-dependent wave speeds to generate an initial set of fault-distance samples. Nonparametric kernel density estimation (KDE) with an adaptively selected bandwidth is then applied to these samples to obtain the estimated probability density of the fault distance. The physical location corresponding to the maximum peak of the kernel density curve is outputted as the final fault-location result.
Simulations are conducted using PSCAD/EMTDC, with the Yunnan-Guangdong ±800 kV HVDC project as the prototype. The results show that the maximum relative location error is 0.284 8% under near-end or far-end faults combined with transition resistance up to 600 Ω. The algorithm exhibits strong noise immunity, and the minimum tolerable signal-to-noise ratio is approximately 45 dB. Under the dual interference of high noise and high transition resistance, the maximum relative error is 0.457 7%, while the maximum relative error under lightning-fault conditions is 0.190 1%.
The results demonstrate that the improved S-TMSST effectively delineates the intrinsic time-frequency morphological features of line-mode and zero-mode signals. KDE with an adaptively selected bandwidth mitigates time-frequency truncation errors and reduces the influence of outliers, thereby allowing the fault location to be estimated from the probability distribution of the distance samples even when abrupt changes occur in the low-frequency time-frequency ridges. The proposed method does not require machine-learning models or training data and is evaluated under long-distance transmission, high transition resistance, near-end faults, and lightning-fault conditions. It produces lower location errors than traditional methods based on fixed modal wave speeds in the simulated cases. However, the proposed method is presently inapplicable to monopolar metallic-return operation, and its implementation using directional traveling waves strictly requires high consistency in the dynamic transfer characteristics of the associated voltage and current measurement devices.

Key words： High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) traveling wave fault location fault analysis transition resistance

收稿日期: 2026-03-24

PACS:

TM773

基金资助:

高校青年教师科研创新能力支持项目（SRICSPYF-BS2025018）和国家自然科学基金项目（51907069）资助

通讯作者: 童宁男,1988年生,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,研究方向为继电保护、直流输电、电力市场。E-mail：tongning@gdut.edu.cn

作者简介: 陈梅云女,1987年生,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,研究方向为数字信号处理、机器学习及其在电力系统中的应用等。E-mail：chenmeiyun2017@163.com

引用本文:

陈梅云, 邓金龙, 童宁. 基于改进S变换-高时间分辨率后处理的HVDC单端故障测距方法[J]. 电工技术学报, 0, (): 260431-. Chen Meiyun, Deng Jinlong, Tong Ning. Single-ended Fault Location for HVDC Based on Improved S Transform and a High Time-Domain Resolution Post-Processing Algorithm. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 0, (): 260431-.

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