Design of Opening Velocities for Large-Gap Vacuum Circuit Breakers with 2/3 Coil-Type Axial Magnetic Field Contacts
Ma Feiyue1,2, Yao Xiaofei2, Liu Zhiyuan2, Sun Shangpeng1, Bai Tao3
1. State Grid Ningxia Electric Power Corporation Research Institute Yinchuan 750002 China; 2. School of Electrical Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China; 3. Shizuishan Power Supply Company State Grid Ningxia Electric Power Co. Ltd Shizuishan 750029 China
Abstract：The development of vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs) towards transmission voltage is an effective alternative of SF6 CBs on background of carbon dioxide emission and carbon neutrality nowadays. In the VCBs, the axial magnetic field (AMF) contacts have been widely mounted tends to promote the breaking capability of circuit breakers. The vacuum arc plasma can be constrained by the axial magnetic field lines to counteract the pinch force of conducting current, which always concentrate the arc plasma at local anode surface to generate an anode spot in high current interruption process. In this case, a rational design of opening velocities for the VCBs with coil-type AMF contacts could effectively regulate the flux density of the axial magnetic field imposed on the electrode space. However, there is still a lack of quantitative design method for a full stroke opening velocities of the VCB with coil-type AMF contacts. This paper experimentally investigates the influence of arcing current and opening velocities on evolution of vacuum arc anode discharging modes. Couples of coil-type AMF contacts, tending to be applied in a 126 kV single-break vacuum circuit breaker, were mounted in a demountable vacuum chamber to investigate the influence of opening velocities on transitions of vacuum arc anode discharging mode. A high charge coupled device (CCD) was used to photograph these transitions. Two kinds of opening velocities, v1 and v2, were used to define an opening travel-curve: v1 is an initial opening velocity, which defines as an average velocity over 1/3 contact stroke, d, of 60 mm; while, v2 is an average velocity over 2d/3. In the experiment, v1 varied from 1.8 m/s to 2.4 m/s and 2.7 m/s, respectively. Correspondingly, v2 varied from 2.4 m/s to 2.7 m/s and 3.0 m/s. The arcing current was set to rise from 4 kA to 40 kA, stepped by 4 kA. Test result shows that v1 has significant impact on the transition of intense arc mode into diffuse arc mode in the first arcing current loop, while v2 significantly influences the formation of both footpoint mode and anode spot mode in the rest arcing current loop. The design of v1 should higher than the threshold velocity of 3.5 m/s, which corresponds to a peak critical contact gap for the transitions of intense arc mode into diffuse arc mode. While, v2 should not exceed the threshold velocity of 3.0 m/s, which corresponds to a maximum critical contact gap for the formation of footpoint mode and anode spot mode. In this case, the high current vacuum arc could quickly transit from the intense arc mode into diffuse arc mode in short arcing time high current interruption. Meanwhile, the formation of anode spot could be effectively avoided in long arcing time high current interruption. In addition, the transition of anode discharging mode for the test AMF contact could be predicted by comparing the actual axial magnetic flux density, Baxial, with the critical quantities, Bcri_intense and Bcri_anode. These critical axial magnetic flux densities were experimentally determined for the transitions of intense arc mode to diffuse arc mode, and diffuse arc mode to footpoint mode and anode spot mode, respectively. The above v1 and v2 were applied on a 126 kV single-break VCB, and proved to be effectiveness by passing series of short-circuit current breaking type test. The result could provide reference and foundation for VCBs developing towards transmission voltage level.
马飞越, 姚晓飞, 刘志远, 孙尚鹏, 白涛. 2/3匝线圈式纵磁触头大开距真空断路器分闸速度设计[J]. 电工技术学报, 2024, 39(13): 4139-4152.
Ma Feiyue, Yao Xiaofei, Liu Zhiyuan, Sun Shangpeng, Bai Tao. Design of Opening Velocities for Large-Gap Vacuum Circuit Breakers with 2/3 Coil-Type Axial Magnetic Field Contacts. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2024, 39(13): 4139-4152.
[1] 王季梅. 真空开关技术与应用[M]. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2008. [2] 刘志远, 耿英三, 王季梅. 高电压真空断路器的技术进展[J]. 电气时代, 2008(1): 80-84. [3] 王季梅, 苑舜. 大容量真空开关理论及其产品开发[M]. 西安: 西安交通大学出版社, 2001. [4] Slade P G.The application of vacuum interrupters in HVDC circuit breakers[J]. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2022, 50(11): 4675-4682. [5] 段雄英, 廖敏夫, 丁富华, 等. 基于真空断路器的并联电容器组相控投切装置[J]. 电工技术学报, 2007, 22(10): 78-84. Duan Xiongying, Liao Minfu, Ding Fuhua, et al.Controlled vacuum circuit breaker for shunt capacitor banks[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2007, 22(10): 78-84. [6] 姚灿江, 孙龙勇,刘英英. 新型72.5 kV 真空断路器的研发设计[J]. 高压电器, 2023, 59(2): 23-30. Yao Canjiang, Zhang Longyong, Liu Yingying.Development and design of new 72.5 kV vacuum circuit breaker[J]. High Voltage Apparatus, 2023, 59(2): 23-30. [7] 刘路辉, 庄劲武, 江壮贤, 等. 整流发电机出口断路器分析与设计[J]. 电工技术学报, 2014, 29(11): 147-153. Liu Luhui, Zhuang Jinwu, Jiang Zhuangxian, et al.Analysis and design of a rectifier generator circuit breaker[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2014, 29(11): 147-153. [8] 程显, 闫冬冬, 葛国伟, 等. 基于耦合电抗器的阻容型混合直流断路器拓扑结构研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 2023, 38(3): 818-827. Cheng Xian, Yan Dongdong, Ge Guowei, et al.Research on the topology of the resistance-capacitance hybrid DC circuit breaker with coupling reactors[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2023, 38(3): 818-827. [9] 程显, 徐鹏飞, 葛国伟, 等. 机械式真空直流断路器弧后电流测量研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 2021, 36(16): 3516-3524. Cheng Xian, Xu Pengfei, Ge Guowei, et al.Research on measurement of post-arc current of mechanical vacuum DC circuit breaker[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2021, 36(16): 3516-3524. [10] 修士新, 王季梅. 发展高电压等级真空断路器的技术问题探讨[J]. 真空电子技术, 1997(3): 1-7. Xiu Shixin, Wang Jimei.A study on developing high voltage vacuum circuit breakers[J]. Vacuum Electronics, 1997(3): 1-7. [11] Yao Xiaofei, Wang Jianhua, Ai Shaogui, et al.Vacuum switching technology for future of power systems[J]. Engineering, 2022, 13: 164-177. [12] 董华军, 温超阳, 孙鹏, 等. 基于正交实验新型真空灭弧室触头磁场仿真与参数优化设计[J]. 电工技术学报, 2022, 37(21): 5598-5606. Dong Huajun, Wen Chaoyang, Sun Peng, et al.Simulation and optimization of the contact magnetic field of a new type of vacuum interrupter based on orthogonal experiment[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2022, 37(21): 5598-5606. [13] 丁璨, 李江, 袁召, 等. 基于NSGA-Ⅱ和BP神经网络的杯状纵磁触头结构优化设计[J]. 电工技术学报, 2022, 37(23): 6074-6082. Ding Can, Li Jiang, Yuan Zhao, et al.Structural optimization design of cup-shaped longitudinal magnetic contact based on NSGA-Ⅱ and BP neural network[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2022, 37(23): 6074-6082. [14] 王季梅, 程少勇, 刘志远. 论真空断路器向高电压等级发展需要研究的问题[J]. 电气技术, 2005(11): 43-46. [15] Renz R.High voltage vacuum interrupters; technical and physical feasibility versus economical efficiency[C]//2006 International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum, Matsue, Japan, 2007: 257-262. [16] Liu Zhiyuan, Wang Jimei, Xiu Shixin, et al.Development of high-voltage vacuum circuit breakers in China[J]. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2007, 35(4): 856-865. [17] Zhang Yingyao, Yao Xiaofei, Liu Zhiyuan, et al.Axial magnetic field strength needed for a 126-kV single-break vacuum circuit breaker during asymmetrical current switching[J]. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2013, 41(8): 2034-2042. [18] Miller H C.A review of anode phenomena in vacuum arcs[J]. Contributions to Plasma Physics, 1989, 29(3): 223-249. [19] Miller H C.Discharge modes at the anode of a vacuum arc[J]. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 1983, 11(3): 122-127. [20] Miller H C.A review of anode phenomena in vacuum arcs[J]. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 1985, 13(5): 242-252. [21] 孔国威. 真空灭弧室阳极斑点临界电流与触头立体角和纵向磁感应强度的关系研究[D]. 西安: 西安交通大学, 2013. Kong Guowei.Research on the relationship between critical current of anode spot in vacuum interrupter and solid angle and longitudinal magnetic induction strength of contact[D]. Xi'an: Xi'an Jiaotong University, 2013. [22] Schulman M B, Schellekens H.Visualization and characterization of high-current diffuse vacuum arcs on axial magnetic field contacts[J]. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2000, 28(2): 443-451. [23] Sun Liqiong, Yu Li, Liu Zhiyuan, et al.An opening displacement curve characteristic determined by high-current anode phenomena of a vacuum interrupter[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2013, 28(4): 2585-2593. [24] 余砾. 高压等级真空断路器机械特性的优化设计[D]. 西安: 西安交通大学, 2011. Yu Shuo.Optimization design of mechanical characteristics of high voltage vacuum circuit breakers[D]. Xi'an: Xi'an Jiaotong University, 2011. [25] Kusserow J, Renz R. Method for opening the contact gap of a vacuum interrupter: US7334319B2[P].2008-02-26. [26] 艾绍贵, 姚晓飞, 史雯, 等. 快速真空断路器分闸速度对短路电流开断燃弧时间窗口的影响[J]. 高压电器, 2020, 56(5): 8-12. Ai Shaogui, Yao Xiaofei, Shi Wen, et al.Influence of opening velocity on short-circuit current interruption arcing time windows of a fast vacuum circuit breaker[J]. High Voltage Apparatus, 2020, 56(5): 8-12. [27] Yao Xiaofei, Guan Chen, Ding Jian'gang, et al. Controlled fast vacuum breaking of an AC short-circuit current in a short-arcing time[J]. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2021, 31(8): 1-5. [28] Zhang Bojian, Ren Li, Ding Jian'gang, et al. A relationship between minimum arcing interrupting capability and opening velocity of vacuum interrupters in short-circuit current interruption[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2018, 33(6): 2822-2828. [29] Guan Chen, Yao Xiaofei, Chen Xinggui, et al.Design and short-circuit current breaking test verification of a 72.5 kV single-break fast vacuum circuit breaker[J]. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 2022, 16(11): 2276-2286. [30] Guan Chen, Ding Jiangang, Yao Xiaofei, et al.Study on short-circuit current interruption characteristics of Double-break fast vacuum circuit breaker within the minimum arcing time[J]. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2023, 147: 108865. [31] Yao Xiaofei, Guan Chen, Wang Jianhua, et al.Optimizing the opening velocity for a vacuum circuit breaker with cup-type axial magnetic field contacts[J]. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2021, 49(5): 1636-1647.
2024, Vol. 39 
