温度梯度对直流盆式绝缘子表面电荷积聚特性的影响

doi:10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.250827

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摘要温度梯度对直流气体绝缘开关设备（GIS）和气体绝缘输电线路（GIL）内盆式绝缘子的表面电荷积聚行为有重要影响。该文搭建了温度梯度下的表面电荷测量平台,测试了不同温度梯度下绝缘子的表面电荷积聚特性,并定量获取了温度梯度对表面电荷密度的影响。同时,建立了电-热耦合的多物理场仿真模型来辅助分析实验结果,揭示了温度梯度影响表面电荷积聚的内在机制。实验结果表明,在正极性直流电压下,高压导杆附近的绝缘子表面主要积聚正电荷,地电极附近主要分布负电荷。随着高压电极与地电极温度差由0℃增加至63.4℃,绝对最大电荷密度由8.21 µC/m²增加至16.24 µC/m²。仿真得到的表面电荷分布与实验结果高度一致。在温度梯度增加过程中,正电荷的主导积聚途径由表面传导逐步转变为体传导,体电流和表面电流差值变小,导致正电荷密度有一定程度的减少。负电荷的主导积聚途径始终为表面传导,温度梯度增加会造成地电极附近最大电场强度由1.05 kV/mm激增至2.78 kV/mm,这导致了地电极附近的表面电流显著增大,负电荷密度显著增加。该文研究结果可为直流GIS/GIL在温度梯度工况下的绝缘设计提供一定参考。

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关键词 ：直流GIS/GIL, 气-固界面, 电荷积聚, 温度梯度, 电-热耦合

Abstract：With the continuous development of the power grid scale and renewable energy, flexible high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission technology has gained global wide attention. The DC gas insulated switchgear/transmission line (GIS/GIL) have advantages of low loss, large capacity, and easy grid interconnection, which become a key link in HVDC transmission systems. However, surface charge accumulation on basin insulators will degrade the interfacial insulation performance, posing a key technical challenge of insulation design. Under regular serving conditions, the current thermal effect will create high temperature in the central conductor, which generates radial temperature gradients across insulators. The temperature gradient significantly influences the insulator’s bulk conductivity distribution and surface charge accumulation, which may further reduce flashover voltage along the gas-solid interface. At present, few studies systematically examine how temperature gradients affect surface charge accumulation, which significantly hinders the insulation design of DC GIS/GIL under thermal gradients.
This study first constructed a surface charge measurement platform with controllable temperature gradient. It enabled the temperature difference (ΔT) between HV conductor and grounded electrode to be adjusted from 0°C to 63.4°C. Then the surface charge distributions were tested under positive DC voltage and various temperature gradients. The results showed that the temperature gradients did not alter the surface charge accumulation pattern. A bipolar-charge distribution appeared on insulator surface: positive charges concentrated between the HV and grounded electrodes, while negative charges mainly distributed near the grounded electrode. As ΔT increased from 0°C to 63.4°C, the distribution area of positive charges shrank gradually, with average density decreasing from 2.09 µC/m² to 1.05 µC/m². In contrast, the distribution area of negative charge expanded significantly, with average density rising from 2.39 µC/m² to 5.77 µC/m² (a 141% increase). Absolute maximum charge density increased from 8.21 µC/m² to 16.24 µC/m². These findings demonstrated that temperature gradients substantially enhanced surface charge accumulation on insulators.
To analyze how temperature gradients affect the dominant accumulation pathways of surface charge, a multi-physics field simulation model coupling electric, thermal, and gas flow fields was further developed. This model accounted for the temperature-dependent bulk conductivity of the insulator, as well as the charged particle’s diffusion, migration and recombination processes driven by the electric and flow fields in gas side. The results showed that under no and low temperature gradients, the bulk conductivity was small, resulting in a relatively small bulk conduction current, so the surface conduction current was the dominant accumulation pathway for positive charges. As the temperature gradient increased, the dominant accumulation pathway of positive charges gradually changed from surface conduction to bulk conduction due to the surge of insulator bulk conductivity. And the difference between bulk current and surface current became smaller, resulting in a reduction of positive charge density. The dominant accumulation pathway of negative charges was always surface conduction. The increase in temperature gradient caused the electric field near the ground electrode to surge from 1.05 kV/mm to 2.78 kV/mm, which led to a significant increase in the surface current and negative charge density near the grounded electrode.
Overall, large temperature gradients will cause an electric field surge near the grounded electrode, further aggravating the surface charge accumulation. This may result in a greater risk of flashover occurring along the gas-solid interface. Therefore, it is necessary to explore insulating materials with low temperature coefficients of bulk conductivity in DC GIS/GIL, which makes the electric field and surface charge accumulation to be reduced. Meanwhile, components such as shields and flanges in the vicinity of the grounded shell need to be particularly designed to maximally relax the electric field distortion.

Key words： DC GIS/GIL gas-solid interface charge accumulation temperature gradient electro-thermal coupling

收稿日期: 2025-05-18

PACS:

TM85

基金资助:国家自然科学基金资助项目（52407182）

通讯作者: 潘成男,1986年生,副教授,博士生导师,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术。E-mail：pancheng1986@whu.edu.cn

作者简介: 韩铺男,1997年生,博士研究生,研究方向为绝缘子表面电荷聚散特性,直流沿面闪络特性等。E-mail：hanpuz@126.com

引用本文:

韩铺, 潘成, 叶宇涵, 秦晓宇, 何创伟. 温度梯度对直流盆式绝缘子表面电荷积聚特性的影响[J]. 电工技术学报, 2026, 41(9): 3157-3169. Han Pu, Pan Cheng, Ye Yuhan, Qin Xiaoyu, He Chuangwei. Effect of Temperature Gradient on Surface Charge Accumulation Characteristics of DC Basin Insulators. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2026, 41(9): 3157-3169.

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