电网故障下构网型变流器耦合响应建模与短路电流直接解析方法

doi:10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.250938

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摘要

构网型变流器(Grid-Forming Converter, GFC)被公认为未来电网的基石,但其运行原理与跟网型变流器及同步电机迥异,亟待明晰GFC的故障响应。现有方法忽视了电网故障下复功率和电压幅相耦合及其对GFC端口特性的影响,并依赖实时拓扑以解析GFC短路电流。为此,针对虚拟同步机控制型GFC,通过分析GFC与故障电网的有功和无功功率交互,发现并阐明了故障电网复阻抗影响下GFC复功率及电压幅相耦合的响应机制;提出了电网虚拟短路故障复参数辨识方法,进而建立了计及耦合响应的GFC交流侧端口等值模型,定量刻画了电网故障下GFC端口特性由独立电压源向受控电压源,最终变化为受控电压或独立电流源的切换规律;提出了不依赖实际故障参数的GFC短路电流直接解析方法,实现任意故障位置和故障过渡电阻下GFC短路电流的就地计算。仿真表明,所提方法能精准刻画GFC故障耦合响应,准确计算短路电流的同时降低对通信的依赖。

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关键词 ：构网型变流器, 故障分析, 等值建模, 短路电流

Abstract：

With the widespread application of power converters across generation, grid, and load sectors, modern power systems have become increasingly dominated by power electronics. Consequently, traditional fault analysis methods, which are based on synchronous machines and the principle of linear superposition, are often inadequate for accurately characterizing converter responses during grid faults. This limitation challenges the effectiveness of existing grid protection schemes. Current research on the fault response of grid-forming converter (GFC) predominantly focuses on voltage sags at the point of common coupling and controller dynamics. However, it frequently overlooks the coupling between complex power and voltage magnitude-phase of GFC under abrupt changes in grid impedance due to faults, a simplification that compromises model accuracy. Furthermore, the inherent communication delays and refresh cycles associated with real-time topology acquisition raise concerns about the applicability of online short-circuit current calculations in rapidly evolving scenarios, such as frequent network reconfigurations and fluctuating power outputs.
To address these issues, this study focuses on GFC controlled by the virtual synchronous generator strategy. It is found that the controller response of GFC and the complex power interaction with the faulted grid form a closed loop under abrupt impedance changes. This loop jointly determines the dynamic variation of the GFC's port characteristics, exhibiting a coupled response. During the sub-transient stage of this coupled response, the port characteristics are dominated by the reactive power-voltage outer loop, manifesting as variations in active power, reactive power, and AC bus voltage. In the transient stage, the coupling between the active power-phase outer loop and the reactive power-voltage outer loop dictates the port characteristics, leading to dynamic changes in active power, AC bus voltage and power angle, while reactive power tends to stabilize. If the AC current remains within the maximum allowable limit, the AC bus voltage and power angle eventually stabilize under the power outer loop in the quasi-steady state. Conversely, if the AC current limit control is triggered, the AC current magnitude is clamped at the maximum allowable value, with its phase fixed at the AC current saturation angle during this quasi-steady stage of the coupled response.
A method for identifying the complex parameters of virtual short-circuit fault is proposed. By equivalently representing any three-phase grid fault as a virtual fault at the point of common coupling under the condition of constant voltage vector of the point of common coupling, a dimensionality-reduced equivalent model of the faulted grid is obtained. Subsequently, by solving the controller response equations in different time intervals, an equivalent port model of GFC considering the coupled response is established. This model quantifies the evolution of GFC port characteristics from an independent voltage source to a controlled voltage source and finally to a controlled voltage or independent current source. Additionally, a direct analytical method for GFC short-circuit current, independent of actual fault parameters, is introduced. It derives parameters for the reduced-order grid model and the GFC coupled-response model from pre-fault and fault-instant port electrical quantities. Through sequential model pairing and enforcing vector magnitude-phase equality, the fundamental short-circuit current magnitude and phase are directly computed. Simulations confirm the method's accuracy in capturing the coupled fault response and calculating the short-circuit current, with reduced communication dependency.

Key words： Grid-forming converter fault analysis equivalent modeling short-circuit current

PACS:

TM464

通讯作者: 欧阳金鑫男,1984年生,副教授,博士生导师,研究方向为电力系统故障分析、保护与控制。E-mail：jinxinoy@163.com

作者简介: 陈纪宇男,1999年生,博士研究生,研究方向为交直流电力系统安全稳定分析与控制。E-mail：chenjiyve@163.com

引用本文:

陈纪宇, 欧阳金鑫, 莫范, 杨博飞. 电网故障下构网型变流器耦合响应建模与短路电流直接解析方法[J]. 电工技术学报, 0, (): 3-. Chen Jiyu, Ouyang Jinxin, Mo Fan, Yang Bofei. Coupled Response Modeling and Direct Short-Circuit Current Analysis Method for Grid-Forming Converter Under Grid Fault. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 0, (): 3-.

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