面向梯级水电改造的抽水耦合压缩空气储能系统技术经济性分析

doi:10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.250814

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摘要

梯级水电改造为混合式抽水蓄能（Hybrid Pumped-hydro Energy Storage,HPES）技术,因其能够显著降低抽蓄电站对地理条件的要求而备受关注。为进一步应对传统HPES面临的储能密度低与汛期运作受限等挑战,该文提出一种基于抽水耦合压缩空气储能（Pumped-Hydro Compressed Air Energy Storage,PH-CAES）的新型HPES改造方案。首先,系统阐述了新型HPES的改造技术方案及其运行流程;其次,通过深入分析PH-CAES系统内关键设备的动态特性,构建了新型HPES内PH-CAES系统的实际出力计算模型,并在此基础上建立了系统技术经济性分析模型;进一步以西南地区某流域梯级电站群为案例,分别模拟计算额定工况和实际工况下PH-CAES系统的运行特性,全面评估了系统的技术经济性,并通过敏感性分析识别了影响系统技术经济性的关键参数;最后,将所提方案与增建独立压缩空气储能、可逆式水轮机两种改造方案进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,所提改造方案相较其他技术路线具有更优的综合经济性,可为新型HPES改造的选址决策和运行优化提供科学依据。

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关键词 ：抽水耦合压缩空气储能, 梯级水电站改造, 变工况特性, 技术经济性分析

Abstract：

The increasing penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources requires significant enhancements in the regulation capabilities of modern power systems. While retrofitting cascade hydropower into hybrid pumped-hydro energy storage (HPES) offers a solution, traditional reversible-pump turbine (RT) methods are hindered by low storage density and flood-season curtailment. To address these challenges, this study proposes a novel retrofit scheme based on pumped-hydro compressed air energy storage (PH-CAES) and systematically evaluates its techno-economic feasibility under variable operating conditions.
The proposed PH-CAES system repurposes idle construction tunnels as air-water storage vessels (ASV), significantly reducing civil engineering costs compared to newly excavated caverns. Unlike conventional constant-volume CAES, the ASV utilizes a hydraulic connection to the upper reservoir, allowing water inflow and outflow to compensate for air volume changes. This mechanism maintains a quasi-isobaric environment for the compressed air, thereby optimizing the efficiency of turbomachinery. To rigorously assess this system, a dynamic operation model was established to quantify the off-design performance of compressors and expanders, complemented by a finite volume method to verify the heat transfer performance of the packed-bed thermal storage. Building upon these physical models, a comprehensive techno-economic analysis model was developed to calculate the dynamic payback period (DPP) and levelized cost of storage (LCOS).
Simulation results indicate that under rated design conditions, the PH-CAES system achieves a round-trip efficiency of 71.60%, a DPP of 8.06 years, and an LCOS of 0.2108 CNY/kWh. However, practical operation is inevitably influenced by hydrological variability. Accounting for hydrological variability across wet, normal, and dry years, the resulting off-design operation increases the expected DPP to 8.65 years and the LCOS to 0.2254 CNY/kWh. Sensitivity analysis reveals that the number of annual cycles and the electricity purchase price are the most critical economic drivers, with sensitivities exceeding 10⁸ CNY, whereas the impact of water head variation is mitigated by the limited fluctuation range typical of cascade stations.
A comparative analysis against alternative retrofit technical routes highlights the advantages of the proposed scheme. While independent AA-CAES generates the highest revenue, its high investment results in a prolonged DPP of 10.70 years. Conversely, retrofitting with RT offers the lowest investment cost but suffers from the lowest revenue and a DPP of 9.72 years, primarily due to the inability to store energy when the upper reservoir is spilling water during flood seasons. The proposed PH-CAES scheme achieves the optimal balance between investment and revenue, delivering the best comprehensive economic performance. Furthermore, by facilitating the reuse of water resources, the system reduces the water consumption rate of the cascade station to 2.2166 m³/kWh, outperforming both the original station and the independent CAES scheme. These findings demonstrate that the PH-CAES retrofit provides a robust and economically superior pathway for upgrading cascade hydropower stations, particularly at sites with high hydraulic heads and stable geological conditions.

Key words： Pumped-hydro compressed air energy storage cascade hydropower stations retrofitting off-design performance techno-economy performance analysis

收稿日期: 2025-05-15

PACS:	TM91
	F403.7

基金资助:

智能电网国家科技重大专项资助项目（2025ZD0807100）

通讯作者: 陈艳波男,1982年生,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为电力系统态势感知、新能源电力系统分析、能量管理、能源交通融合和新一代人工智能。E-mail：chenyanbo@ncepu.edu.cn

作者简介: 邓涵宇男,1998年生,博士研究生,研究方向为压缩空气储能、多能互补系统设计与运行。E-mail：hanyu_deng@ncepu.edu.cn

引用本文:

邓涵宇, 陈艳波, 张宁, 马明克, 张智. 面向梯级水电改造的抽水耦合压缩空气储能系统技术经济性分析[J]. 电工技术学报, 0, (): 2-. Deng Hanyu, Chen Yanbo, Zhang Ning, Ma Mingke, Zhang Zhi. Techno-Economic Analysis of Pumped-Hydro Compressed Air Energy Storage System for retrofit of Cascade Hydropower Stations. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 0, (): 2-.

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