Output Voltage Model and Mechanical-Magnetic Design of Magnetostrictive Vibration Energy Harvester with a Rotating Up-Frequency Structure
Huang Wenmei1,2, Xue Tianxiang1,2, Feng Xiaobo1,2, Weng Ling1,2, Li Mingming1,2
1. State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 China; 2. Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 China
Abstract A vibration energy harvester can harvest vibration energy in the environment and convert it into electrical energy to power the sensors in the Internet of Things. Human walking contains high-quality vibration energy, which serves as the energy source for vibration energy harvesters due to its abundant availability, high energy conversion efficiency, and environmental friendliness. It is difficult to harvest human walking vibration due to its low frequency. Converting the low-frequency vibration of human walking into high-frequency vibration has attracted attention. In previous studies, vibration energy harvesters typically increase frequency by raising excitation frequency or inducing free vibration. When walking frequency changes, the up-frequency method of raising the excitation frequency changes the voltage frequency, resulting in the best load resistance change and reducing the output power. The up-frequency method of inducing free vibration does not increase the external excitation frequency, which has relatively low output power. This paper designs a magnetostrictive vibration energy harvester with a rotating up-frequency structure. It consists of a rotating up-frequency structure, a magnetostrictive structure, coils, and bias magnets. The main body of the rotating up-frequency structure comprises a torsion bar and a flywheel with a dumbbell-shaped hole. The magnetostrictive structure includes four magnetostrictive metal sheets spliced by Galfenol and steel sheets. The torsion bar and flywheel interact to convert low-frequency linear vibration into rotating high-frequency excitation vibration of the flywheel. The flywheel plucks the magnetostrictive metal sheet with a high excitation frequency to generate free vibration. The vibration energy harvester increases the excitation frequency while inducing free vibration, which can effectively improve the output power. To characterize the excitation vibration and free vibration, based on the theory of Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, the vibration equation of the magnetostrictive metal sheet after being excited is given. According to the classical machine-magnetic coupling model and the Jiles-Atherton physical model, the relationship between stress and magnetization strength is derived. Combined with Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, the distributed dynamic output voltage model is established. This model can predict the output voltage at different excitation frequencies. Based on this model, the mechanical-magnetic structural parameter optimization design is carried out. The parameters of the magnetostrictive metal sheet, the bias magnet, and the rotating up-frequency structure are determined. A comprehensive experimental system is established to test the device. The peak-to-peak voltage and output voltage signal by the proposed model are compared. The average relative deviation of the peak-to-peak voltage and the output voltage signal is 4.9% and 8.2%, respectively. The experimental results show that the output power is proportional to the excitation frequency. The optimum load resistance is always 800 Ω as the excitation frequency changes, simplifying the impedance-matching process. The maximum peak-to-peak voltage of the device is 58.60 V, the maximum root mean square (RMS) voltage is 9.53 V, and the maximum RMS power is 56.20 mW. The magnetostrictive vibration energy harvester with a rotating up-frequency structure solves the problem of impedance matching, which improves the output power. The proposed distributed dynamic output voltage model can effectively predict the output characteristics. This study can provide structural and theoretical guidance for up-frequency structure vibration energy harvesters for human walking vibration.
Fund:National Natural Science Foundation of China (51777053, 52077052).
Corresponding Authors:
Huang Wenmei born in 1969, PhD, Professor, Major research interests include new magnetic materials, devices, and their control technology. E-mail: huzwm@hebut.edu.cn
About author:: Xue Tianxiang born in 1997, Master's degree, Major research interests include new magnetic materials, devices, and their control technology. E-mail: 2322866807@qq.com
Huang Wenmei,Xue Tianxiang,Feng Xiaobo等. Output Voltage Model and Mechanical-Magnetic Design of Magnetostrictive Vibration Energy Harvester with a Rotating Up-Frequency Structure[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2024, 39(24): 7639-7650.
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2024, Vol. 39 
