|
|
|
| Output Voltage Model and Mechanical-Magnetic Design of Magnetostrictive Vibration Energy Harvester with a Rotating Up-Frequency Structure |
| Huang Wenmei1,2, Xue Tianxiang1,2, Feng Xiaobo1,2, Weng Ling1,2, Li Mingming1,2 |
1. State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 China;
2. Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 China |
|
|
|
Abstract A vibration energy harvester can harvest vibration energy in the environment and convert it into electrical energy to power the sensors in the Internet of Things. Human walking contains high-quality vibration energy, which serves as the energy source for vibration energy harvesters due to its abundant availability, high energy conversion efficiency, and environmental friendliness. It is difficult to harvest human walking vibration due to its low frequency. Converting the low-frequency vibration of human walking into high-frequency vibration has attracted attention. In previous studies, vibration energy harvesters typically increase frequency by raising excitation frequency or inducing free vibration. When walking frequency changes, the up-frequency method of raising the excitation frequency changes the voltage frequency, resulting in the best load resistance change and reducing the output power. The up-frequency method of inducing free vibration does not increase the external excitation frequency, which has relatively low output power.
This paper designs a magnetostrictive vibration energy harvester with a rotating up-frequency structure. It consists of a rotating up-frequency structure, a magnetostrictive structure, coils, and bias magnets. The main body of the rotating up-frequency structure comprises a torsion bar and a flywheel with a dumbbell-shaped hole. The magnetostrictive structure includes four magnetostrictive metal sheets spliced by Galfenol and steel sheets. The torsion bar and flywheel interact to convert low-frequency linear vibration into rotating high-frequency excitation vibration of the flywheel. The flywheel plucks the magnetostrictive metal sheet with a high excitation frequency to generate free vibration. The vibration energy harvester increases the excitation frequency while inducing free vibration, which can effectively improve the output power. To characterize the excitation vibration and free vibration, based on the theory of Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, the vibration equation of the magnetostrictive metal sheet after being excited is given. According to the classical machine-magnetic coupling model and the Jiles-Atherton physical model, the relationship between stress and magnetization strength is derived. Combined with Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, the distributed dynamic output voltage model is established. This model can predict the output voltage at different excitation frequencies. Based on this model, the mechanical-magnetic structural parameter optimization design is carried out. The parameters of the magnetostrictive metal sheet, the bias magnet, and the rotating up-frequency structure are determined. A comprehensive experimental system is established to test the device. The peak-to-peak voltage and output voltage signal by the proposed model are compared. The average relative deviation of the peak-to-peak voltage and the output voltage signal is 4.9% and 8.2%, respectively. The experimental results show that the output power is proportional to the excitation frequency. The optimum load resistance is always 800 Ω as the excitation frequency changes, simplifying the impedance-matching process. The maximum peak-to-peak voltage of the device is 58.60 V, the maximum root mean square (RMS) voltage is 9.53 V, and the maximum RMS power is 56.20 mW.
The magnetostrictive vibration energy harvester with a rotating up-frequency structure solves the problem of impedance matching, which improves the output power. The proposed distributed dynamic output voltage model can effectively predict the output characteristics. This study can provide structural and theoretical guidance for up-frequency structure vibration energy harvesters for human walking vibration.
|
|
Received: 21 November 2023
|
|
|
| Fund:National Natural Science Foundation of China (51777053, 52077052). |
|
Corresponding Authors:
Huang Wenmei born in 1969, PhD, Professor, Major research interests include new magnetic materials, devices, and their control technology. E-mail: huzwm@hebut.edu.cn
|
| About author:: Xue Tianxiang born in 1997, Master's degree, Major research interests include new magnetic materials, devices, and their control technology. E-mail: 2322866807@qq.com |
|
|
|
[1] 黄彦钦, 余浩, 尹钧毅, 等. 电力物联网数据传输方案: 现状与基于5G技术的展望[J]. 电工技术学报, 2021, 36(17): 3581-3593.
Huang Yanqin, Yu Hao, Yin Junyi, et al.Data transmission schemes of power internet of things: present and outlook based on 5G technology[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2021, 36(17): 3581-3593.
[2] 王红霞, 王波, 董旭柱, 等. 面向多源电力感知终端的异构多参量特征级融合: 融合模式、融合框架与场景验证[J]. 电工技术学报, 2021, 36(7): 1314-1323.
Wang Hongxia, Wang Bo, Dong Xuzhu, et al.Heterogeneous multi-parameter feature-level fusion for multi-source power sensing terminals: fusion mode, fusion framework and application scenarios[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2021, 36(7): 1314-1323.
[3] 高凯, 彭晗, 王劭菁, 等. 基于非对称弹簧的宽频率范围振动能量收集器[J]. 电工技术学报, 2023, 38(10): 2832-2840.
Gao Kai, Peng Han, Wang Shaojing, et al.Wide frequency range vibration energy harvester based on asymmetric springs[J]. Transactions of China Elec-trotechnical Society, 2023, 38(10): 2832-2840.
[4] 黄文美, 刘泽群, 郭万里, 等. 磁致伸缩振动能量收集器的全耦合非线性等效电路模型[J]. 电工技术学报, 2023, 38(15): 4076-4086.
Huang Wenmei, Liu Zequn, Guo Wanli, et al.Fully coupled nonlinear equivalent circuit model for magnetostrictive vibration energy harvester[J]. Transa-ctions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2023, 38(15): 4076-4086.
[5] 叶凯, 刘柱, 赵鹏博, 等. 一种基于磁通控制的电磁感应式磁场能量收集器功率提升方法[J]. 电工技术学报, 2023, 38(1): 37-46.
Ye Kai, Liu Zhu, Zhao Pengbo, et al.A power boosting method of electromagnetic induction magnetic field energy harvester based on magnetic flux control[J]. Transactions of China Electro-technical Society, 2023, 38(1): 37-46.
[6] Ylli K, Hoffmann D, Willmann A, et al.Energy harvesting from human motion: exploiting swing and shock excitations[J]. Smart Material Structures, 2015, 24(2): 025029.
[7] Suzuki Y.Recent progress in MEMS electret generator for energy harvesting[J]. IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2011, 6(2): 101-111.
[8] Hasani M, Irani Rahaghi M.The optimization of an electromagnetic vibration energy harvester based on developed electromagnetic damping models[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2022, 254: 115271.
[9] Tan Qinxue, Fan Kangqi, Guo Jiyuan, et al.A cantilever-driven rotor for efficient vibration energy harvesting[J]. Energy, 2021, 235: 121326.
[10] Zhou Ning, Zhang Ying, Bowen C R, et al.A stacked electromagnetic energy harvester with frequency up-conversion for swing motion[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2020, 117(16): 163904.
[11] Yin Zuozong, Gao Shiqiao, Jin Lei, et al.A shoe-mounted frequency up-converted piezoelectric energy harvester[J]. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 2021, 318: 112530.
[12] Li Xin, Hu Guobiao, Guo Zhenkun, et al.Frequency up-conversion for vibration energy harvesting: a review[J]. Symmetry, 2022, 14(3): 631.
[13] Panthongsy P, Isarakorn D, Janphuang P, et al.Fabri-cation and evaluation of energy harvesting floor using piezoelectric frequency up-converting mechanism[J]. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 2018, 279: 321-330.
[14] Tan Yisong, Lu Guangpeng, Cong Moyue, et al.Gathering energy from ultra-low-frequency human walking using a double-frequency up-conversion harvester in public squares[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2020, 217: 112958.
[15] Meng Aihua, Yan Chun, Li Mingfan, et al.Modeling and experiments on Galfenol energy harvester[J]. Acta Mechanica Sinica, 2020, 36(3): 635-643.
[16] Erturk A, Inman D J.Piezoelectric energy harvesting[M]. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
[17] Erturk A, Inman D J.On mechanical modeling of cantilevered piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2008, 19(11): 1311-1325.
[18] 黄文美, 陶铮, 郭萍萍, 等. 变压应力条件下铁镓合金棒材高频磁特性测试与模型构建[J]. 电工技术学报, 2023, 38(14): 3769-3778.
Huang Wenmei, Tao Zheng, Guo Pingping, et al.Analysis and modeling of high frequency magnetic properties of rod gallium iron alloy under variable compressive stress[J]. Transactions of China Elec-trotechnical Society, 2023, 38(14): 3769-3778.
[19] Deng Fang, Cai Yeyun, Fan Xinyu, et al.Pressure-type generator for harvesting mechanical energy from human gait[J]. Energy, 2019, 171: 785-794.
[20] Bertram J E, Ruina A.Multiple walking speed-frequency relations are predicted by constrained optimization[J]. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 2001, 209(4): 445-453. |
|
|
|
2024, Vol. 39 
