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| Plasma-Activated Media Technology and Its Biomedical Applications |
| Liu Dingxin, Zhang Jishen, Wang Zifeng, Zhang Hao, Guo Li, Zhou Renwu;, Wang Xiaohua, Rong Mingzhe |
| Center for Plasma Biomedicine Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China |
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Abstract Plasma biomedicine has arisen more than 20 years ago, and multiple technologies have been certified by the united states food and drug administration (FDA) and promoted for application. However, the most widely adopted application method is using plasma to directly treat living organisms, which have problems such as small treatment areas, shallow action depth, short effective time, and insufficient stability, limiting its application scope and effectiveness. Therefore, based on nearly 10 years of research, this paper develops plasma-activated media technology, which uses plasma to activate media such as gas, liquid, or hydrogel to load reactive species into the media. Plasma-activated media technology transforms plasma biomedicine from direct treatment to indirect treatment, and promote supgrading applications with “larger area, deeper site, superior safety and stability, sustained effectiveness”.
However, compared with direct plasma treatment, the addition of media significantly changes the transfer chain of reactive species, causing significant changes in the composition and concentration of reactive species that ultimately act on the lesion. The yield improvement of reactive species from the plasma level, efficient loading of reactive species from the plasma-media interaction level, long-term storage and stable release of reactive species from the media level, and plasma-activated media equipment development from the application level, and optimization of biological and clinical therapeutic effects are problems should be solved. This paper summarizes the background and current status of plasma-activated media technology, as well as the key scientific and technical issues from three aspects: the methods of plasma activation and its optimized designs, the selection of plasma types and working gas, and the selection of media and its performance evaluation. Then, the plasma-activated media prototype equipment and its latest biomedical applications are displayed.
During more than ten years of explorations, studies focus on the generation, loading, storage, release, penetration, and biological effects of reactive species, and various discharge forms and working gases are used to activate three types of media (gas, liquid, and hydrogel). The mode conversion mechanism of air discharge is revealed, and generation efficiency and precise concentration control are improved. The safety evaluation and the effectiveness of key reactive species such as N2O5 are achieved, and various plasma-activated media equipment for biomedical applications is developed. Nonetheless, there is still a lot of work to be done in the future, including: (1) improving biomedical efficacy from the technical level to better meet practical application needs; (2) elucidating the mechanism of biological effect to provide a theoretical foundation for the development of plasma-activated media technology; (3) promoting clinical transformation from the application level to truly serve the cause of people's life and health.
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Received: 15 November 2023
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2024, Vol. 39 
