|
|
|
| Review of Research on Lightning Protection for Wind Turbines in Alpine Areas |
| Cai Guowei1, Lei Yuhang1, Ge Weichun2, Pan Chao1 |
1. Key Laboratory of Modern Power System Simulation and Control & Renewable Energy TechnologyMinistry of Education Northeast Electric Power University Jilin 132012 China;
2. State Grid Liaoning Electric Power Supply Co. Ltd Shenyang 110006 China |
|
|
|
|
Abstract The alpine areas like the eastern Inner Mongolia and the northeast of China, which have abundant reserves of wind energy resources, have taken on construction of wind power generation in large-scale trend. In recent years, lightning disasters have become a main factor threatening the safe operation of wind turbines, resulting in long-term restriction to normal development of wind power industry. Due to the significant geographical and environmental characteristics in alpine areas, the standards and measures for lightning protection of equipment in alpine areas are quite different from those in other areas. Therefore, it is necessary to pay high attention to lightning protection for wind turbines in alpine areas. In this paper, based on the characteristics of wind turbines, geographical environment and lightning conditions in alpine areas, the lightning strike characteristics of wind turbines in alpine areas were summarized. The research status of lightning protection system, lightning leader’s inception and development, lightning direct strike damage and lightning electromagnetic transient process of wind turbines in alpine areas was introduced as well. Finally, combined with the problems to be solved, several research fields of lightning protection for wind turbines in alpine areas were put forward.
|
|
Received: 30 September 2018
Published: 28 November 2019
|
|
|
|
|
|
[1] 李国军, 袁铁江, 孙谊媊, 等. 风电-氢储能与煤化工多能耦合系统全寿命周期经济性评估[J]. 电工技术学报, 2017, 32(21): 132-142.
Li Guojun, Yuan Tiejiang, Sun Yiqian, et al.Full life cycle economic evaluation of wind power-hydrogen energy storage and coal chemical multi-functional coupling system[J]. Transactions of China Electro- technical Society, 2017, 32(21): 132-142.
[2] 尹明, 王成山, 葛旭波, 等. 中德风电发展的比较与分析[J]. 电工技术学报, 2010, 25(9): 157-163.
Yin Ming, Wang Chengshan, Ge Xubo, et al.Comparison and analysis of wind power development between China and Germany[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2010, 25(9): 157-163.
[3] Natsuno D, Yokoyama S, Shindo T, et al.Guideline for lightning protection of wind turbines in Japan[C]// 2010 International Conference on Lightning Pro- tection (ICLP), Cagliari, Italy, 2010: 1-4.
[4] Shindo T.Lightning strike fault risk on wind power generation system[C]//2014 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Tokyo, Japan, 2014: 593-596.
[5] 段振中, 李政. 关于风电场的雷击事故原因分析[C]//S13第十届防雷减灾论坛, 北京, 2012: 1-8.
Duan Zhenzhong, Li Zheng.Analysis wind farm accident cause of the lightning[C]//S13 10th Forum on Lightning Protection and Mitigation, Beijing, 2012: 1-8.
[6] Garolera A C, Madsen S F, Nissim M, et al.Lightning damage to wind turbine blades from wind farms in U.S.[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2016, 31(3): 1043-1049.
[7] Qu Lu, Si Tianjun, Wang Yu, et al.Influence of wind turbine blade rotation on the lightning discharge characteristic[C]//2016 IEEE International Con- ference on High Voltage Engineering and Application (ICHVE), Chengdu, China, 2016: 1-4.
[8] 郑伟民, 曾汉溪, 张儒晓. 风电机组雷电危害分析及防护[C]//S11第十一届防雷减灾论坛, 北京, 2013: 1-7.
Zheng Weimin, Zeng Hanxi, Zhang Ruxiao.Lightning hazard analysis and protection for wind turbines[C]// S11 11th Forum on Lightning Protection and Mitigation, Beijing, 2013: 1-7.
[9] 王芳. 金紫山风电场雷击事故分析及整改措施[J]. 水电能源科学, 2018, 36(2): 204-207.
Wang Fang.Analysis and rectification measures for lightning stroke accident in Jinzi Mountain wind power generating plant[J]. Water Resources and Power, 2018, 36(2): 204-207.
[10] 肖翔. 风电机组雷电过电压防护研究[D]. 北京: 北京交通大学, 2016.
[11] 纪一鸣, 吴奎猛, 殷乐, 等. 风电机组雷击损伤分析与防护[J]. 山东电力技术, 2014, 41(5): 30-32, 51.
Ji Yiming, Wu Kuimeng, Yin Yue, et al.Analysis and protection of lightning damages for wind turbines[J]. Shandong Dianli Jishu, 2014, 41(5): 30-32, 51.
[12] 刘德顺, 戴巨川, 胡燕平, 等. 现代大型风电机组现状与发展趋势[J]. 中国机械工程, 2013, 24(1): 125-135.
Liu Deshun, Dai Juchuan, Hu Yanping, et al.Status and development trends of modern large-scale wind turbines[J]. China Mechanical Engineering, 2013, 24(1): 125-135.
[13] Radicevic B M, Savic M S, Badea I.Impact of wind turbine blade rotation on the lightning strike incidence[C]//2012 International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP), Vienna, Austria, 2012: 1-9.
[14] 莫尔兵, 王为民. 高寒地区低温型1.5MW风力发电机组研发[J]. 电力设备, 2008, 9(11): 13-15.
Mo Erbing, Wang Weimin.Research and development of 1.5MW wind power generator unit of low temperature type in high and cold area[J]. Electrical Equipment, 2008, 9(11): 13-15.
[15] 刘晓东, 张其林, 冯旭宇, 等. 内蒙古地区雷暴活动特征分析[J]. 自然灾害学报, 2010, 19(2): 119-124.
Liu Xiaodong, Zhang Qilin, Feng Xuyu, et al.Analysis of characteristics of thunderstorm activity in Inner Mongolia[J]. Journal of Natural Disasters, 2010, 19(2): 119-124.
[16] 冯旭宇, 薛胜军, 巴特尔, 等. 高纬高原雷暴气候特征及变化规律[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2011, 25(6): 176-181.
Feng Xuyu, Xue Shengjun, Bateer, et al. Climatic characteristics and variability of thunderstorm in higher latitude plateau of China[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2011, 25(6): 176-181.
[17] 朱钰, 王飞, 张立军. 辽宁地区雷电活动与输电线路雷害故障特点[J]. 东北电力技术, 2012, 33(8): 35-38, 42.
Zhu Yu, Wang Fei, Zhang Lijun.Analysis of characteristics of lightning activity and lightning flashover failure of transmission lines in Liaoning[J]. Northeast Electric Power Technology, 2012, 33(8): 35-38, 42.
[18] 王羽飞, 朱峰, 隋朝阳. 吉林省30年雷暴日特征统计分析[J]. 吉林气象, 2009(3): 9-10, 38.
Wang Yufei, Zhu Feng, Sui Chaoyang.Statistical analysis of thunderstorm days in Jilin province in the past 30 years[J]. Jilin Qixiang, 2009(3): 9-10, 38.
[19] 高原, 李永生, 邓德文. 黑龙江省雷电活动特征分析[J]. 黑龙江气象, 2011, 28(2): 36-38.
Gao Yuan, Li Yongsheng, Deng Dewen.Analysis of lightning activity characteristics in Heilongjiang Province[J]. Heilongjiang Meteorology, 2011, 28(2): 36-38.
[20] 刘晓冬, 冯旭宇, 李亚芬, 等. 高纬高原地区雷电活动及雷灾特征分析[C]//S20第十三届防雷减灾论坛, 天津, 2015: 1-7.
Liu Xiaodong, Feng Xuyu, Li Yafen, et al.Analysis of lightning activity and lightning disaster characteristics in high latitude and plateau area[C]// S20 13th Forum on Lightning Protection and Mitigation, Tianjin, 2015: 1-7.
[21] Yokoyama S, Honjo N, Yasuda Y, et al.Causes of wind turbine blade damages due to lightning and future research target to get better protection measures[C]//2014 IEEE International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP), Shanghai, China, 2014: 823-830.
[22] 赵智大. 高电压技术[M]. 北京: 中国电力出版社, 1999.
[23] 曾楚英, 谷定燮, 陈志达, 等. 雷电流参数与海拔高度、地理纬度关系的统计分析[J]. 高电压技术, 1991, 17(2): 70-76.
Zeng Chuying, Gu Dingxie, Chen Zhida, et al.A statistic analysis between the parameters of lightning current and altitude latitude[J]. High Voltage Engineering, 1991, 17(2): 70-76.
[24] Muto A, Suzuki J, Ueda T.Performance comparison of wind turbine blade receptor for lightning protection[C]//2010 International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP), Cagliari, Italy, 2010: 1-6.
[25] Arinaga S, Inoue K, Matsushita T.Experimental study for wind turbine blades lightning pro- tection[C]//2006 Renewable Energy International Conference, Nagasaki, Japan, 2006: 1-4.
[26] Yokoyama S.Lightning protection of wind turbine blades[J]. Electric Power Systems Research, 2013, 94: 3-9.
[27] 周歧斌, 刘灿祥, 程彧, 等. 风机叶片雷击附着区域数值仿真及防护[J]. 高电压技术, 2017, 43(8): 2739-2745.
Zhou Qibin, Liu Canxiang, Cheng Yu, et al.Numerical simulation and protection of wind turbine blade lightning attachment zones[J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2017, 43(8): 2739-2745.
[28] 周婵媛. 风力发电机的雷电绕击分析与防护[J]. 电瓷避雷器, 2017(1): 77-81.
Zhou Chanyuan.Analysis and protection of lightning shielding failure of wind turbine[J]. Insulators and Surge Arresters, 2017(1): 77-81.
[29] IEC/TR 61400-24 Wind turbine generator systems- Part 24: Lightning protection[S]. IEC, 2002.
[30] Bagherian H, Karegar H K.Effects of location, size and number of wind turbine receptors on blade lightning protection by voltage distribution analysis[C]// International Conference on Advanced Power System Automation and Protection, Beijing, China, 2011: 1343-1348.
[31] 李亚芬, 孙大雨, 朱紫明. 扎鲁特旗雷电活动特征分析[J]. 内蒙古民族大学学报: 自然科学版, 2014, 29(6): 658-661, 667.
Li Yafen, Sun Dayu, Zhu Ziming.Analysis of thunderstorm characteristics in Jarud Banner area[J]. Journal of Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities: Natural Sciences, 2014, 29(6): 658-661, 667.
[32] 朱紫明, 尤莉, 李亚芬, 等. 内蒙古通辽市近52年雷暴日数变化特征分析[J]. 畜牧与饲料科学, 2013, 34(9): 10-13.
Zhu Ziming, You Li, Li Yafen, et al.Analysis on the change characteristics of thunder days in Tongliao city of Inner Mongolia in recent 52 years[J]. Animal Husbandry and Feed Science, 2013, 34(9): 10-13.
[33] 陈丽, 唐云起. 伊春地区雷电活动特征及雷灾分析[J]. 黑龙江科技信息, 2011(28): 104-104.
Chen Li, Tang Yunqi.Characteristics of lightning activities and analysis of lightning disasters in Yichun area[J]. Heilongjiang Science and Tech- nology Information, 2011(28): 104-104.
[34] 扎鲁特地区10月历史气象数据资料[EB/OL]. http://lishi.tianqi.com/zhalute/index.html. Meteorological data of October in Jarud[EB/OL]. http://lishi.tianqi. com/zhalute/index.html.
[35] 通辽地区10月历史气象数据资料[EB/OL]. http:// lishi.tianqi.com/tongliao/index.html. Meteorological data of October in Tongliao[EB/OL]. http://lishi. tianqi.com/tongliao/index.html.
[36] 伊春地区10月历史气象数据资料[EB/OL]. http:// lishi.tianqi.com/yichun/index.html. Meteorological data of October in Yichun[EB/OL]. http://lishi.tianqi. com/yichun/index.html.
[37] 钱冠军, 王晓瑜, 汪雁, 等. 输电线路雷击仿真模型[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 1999, 19(8): 39-44.
Qian Guanjun, Wang Xiaoyu, Wang Yan, et al.Lightning simulation model of transmission line[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 1999, 19(8): 39-44.
[38] 任瀚文, 郭子炘, 马宇飞, 等. 雷击风机叶片的跃变击距特性与定量表征[J]. 电工技术学报, 2017, 32(15): 216-224.
Ren Hanwen, Guo Zixin, Ma Yufei, et al.Quanti- tative characterization of the striking saltus distance of wind turbine blade[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2017, 32(15): 216-224.
[39] Madsen S F, Erichsen H V. Improvements of numerical models to determine lightning attachment points on wind turbines[C]//2008 International Con- ference on Lightning Protection (ICLP), Uppsala, Sweden, 2008, 9c-6: 1-11.
[40] 马宇飞, 张黎, 闫江燕, 等. 风机叶片雷击上行先导的起始物理机制与临界长度判据[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2016, 36(21): 5975-5982.
Ma Yufei, Zhang Li, Yan Jiangyan, et al.Inception mechanism of lightning upward leader from the wind turbine blade and a proposed critical length criterion[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2016, 36(21): 5975-5982.
[41] 蓝磊, 姒天军, 王羽, 等. 雷电下转动风机叶片接闪特性模拟试验研究[J]. 电网技术, 2018, 42(4): 1328-1334.
Lan Lei, Si Tianjun, Wang Yu, et al.Experimental study on lightning discharge characteristic of wind turbine’s rotating blades under lightning[J]. Power System Technology, 2018, 42(4): 1328-1334.
[42] Radicevic B M, Savic M S.Experimental research on the influence of wind turbine blade rotation on the characteristics of atmospheric discharges[J]. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2011, 26(4): 1181-1190.
[43] 文习山, 屈路, 王羽, 等. 叶片转动对风机引雷能力影响的模拟试验研究[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2017, 37(7): 2151-2158.
Wen Xishan, Qu Lu, Wang Yu, et al.Experimental study of the influence of the blade rotation on triggered lightning ability of wind turbine’s blades[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2017, 37(7): 2151-2158.
[44] 屈路, 文习山, 王羽, 等. 接闪器对旋转风机引雷能力影响的试验研究[J]. 高电压技术, 2017, 43(5): 1628-1634.
Qu Lu, Wen Xishan, Wang Yu, et al.Experimental study on the influence of the air terminal on triggered lightning ability of rotation wind turbine[J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2017, 43(5): 1628-1634.
[45] Long M, Becerra M, Thottappillil R.On the inter- ception of dart lightning leaders from wind turbine blades[C]//2014 International Conference on Light- ning Protection (ICLP), Shanghai, China, 2014: 1376-1381.
[46] Long M, Becerra M, Thottappillil R.Modeling the attachment of lightning dart and dart-stepped leaders to grounded objects[J]. IEEE Transactions on Elec- tromagnetic Compatibility, 2017, 59(1): 128-136.
[47] Arif W, Li Q, Guo Z, et al.Experimental study on interception failure of lightning protection system of wind turbine blade[C]//2017 International Conference on Emerging Technologies (ICET), Islamabad, Pakistan, 2017: 1-6.
[48] Sakurano H, Hashimoto M, Nakamura K.Obser- vation of winter lightning striking a wind power generation tower and a lightning tower[C]//2006 International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP), Kanazawa, Japan, 2006: 1522-1526.
[49] Asakawa A, Shindo T, Yokoyama S, et al.Direct lightning hits on wind turbines in winter season: lightning observation results for wind turbines at Nikaho wind park in winter[J]. IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2010, 5(1): 14-20.
[50] Yasuda Y, Yokoyama S, Minowa M, et al.Classification of lightning damage to wind turbine blades[J]. IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2012, 7(6): 559-566.
[51] Inoue K, Korematsu Y, Nakamura N, et al.Study on damage-mechanism of wind turbine blades by lightning strike[C]//2006 International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP), Kanazawa, Japan, 2006: 1563-1566.
[52] Goda Y, Tanaka S, Ohtaka T. Arc tests of wind turbine blades simulating high energy lightning strikes[C]//2008 International Conference on Light- ning Protection (ICLP), Uppsala, Sweden, 2008, 9c-5: 1-8.
[53] Kithil R.Case study of lightning damage to wind turbine blade[R]. National Lightning Safety Institute (NLSI), 2008: 1-6.
[54] 洪华芳, 周歧斌, 边晓燕. 风力发电机叶片的雷击损伤与雷电保护[J]. 华东电力, 2009, 37(10): 1778-1781.
Hong Huafang, Zhou Qibin, Bian Xiaoyan.Lightning damages and protection for wind turbine blades[J]. East China Electric Power, 2009, 37(10): 1778-1781.
[55] 闫江燕, 张黎, 李庆民, 等. 风机桨叶用PVC和巴塞木雷击电弧损伤的分子模拟研究[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2017, 37(1): 292-300.
Yan Jiangyan, Zhang Li, Li Qingmin, et al.Molecular simulation on the degradation characteristics of PVC and balsa wood used in wind turbine blade under lightning induced arc[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2017, 37(1): 292-300.
[56] Zhang L, Jiang L, Zhao T, et al. Microcosmic mechanism investigation on lightning arc damage of wind turbine blades based on molecular reaction dynamics and impact current experiment[J]. Energies, 2017, 10(12): 2010-1-2010-15.
[57] 郭子炘, 李庆民, 闫江燕, 等. 海上风电场雷击演化物理机制的研究综述[J]. 电气工程学报, 2015, 10(5): 10-19.
Guo Zixin, Li Qingmin, Yan Jiangyan, et al.Summary of research on physical evolution mechanism of lightning discharge of offshore wind farms[J]. Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2015, 10(5): 10-19.
[58] Ayub A S, Siew W H, MacGregor S J. Lightning protection of wind turbine blades-an alternative approach[C]//Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning, Chengdu, China, 2011: 941-946.
[59] Ayub A S, Siew W H, Mac Gregor S J. External lightning protection system for wind turbine blades- further considerations[C]//Asia-Pacific International Conference on Lightning, Nagoya, Japan, 2015: 1-6.
[60] 郭宁, 李春曦, 叶学民. 风力机组防雷技术研究[J]. 风机技术, 2015, 57(4): 76-83.
Guo Ning, Li Chunxi, Ye Xuemin.Lightning protection technology for wind turbines[J]. Com- pressor, Blower & Fan Technology, 2015, 57(4): 76-83.
[61] Ayub A S, Siew W H, MacGregor S J. External lightning protection system for wind turbine blades-preliminary aerodynamic results[C]//2014 International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP), Shanghai, China, 2014: 386-391.
[62] 郭子炘, 李庆民, 于万水, 等. 旋转状态下风机叶片雷击接闪特性的实验研究[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2018, 38(16): 4951-4959.
Guo Zixin, Li Qingmin, Yu Wanshui, et al.Experi- mental study on lightning attachment manner of the rotating wind turbine blades[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2018, 38(16): 4951-4959.
[63] Larsson A, Lalande P, Bondiou-clergerie A, et al. The lightning swept stroke along an aircraft in flight. Part I: thermodynamic and electric properties of lightning arc channels[J]. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2000, 33(15): 1866-1875.
[64] 赵海翔, 王晓蓉. 风电机组的雷击过电压分析[J]. 电网技术, 2004, 28(4): 27-29, 72.
Zhao Haixiang, Wang Xiaorong.Overvoltage analysis of wind turbines due to lightning stroke[J]. Power System Technology, 2004, 28(4): 27-29, 72.
[65] 王晓辉, 张小青. 考虑参数频变特性的风机塔体雷电暂态计算[J]. 高电压技术, 2009, 35(6): 1344-1349.
Wang Xiaohui, Zhang Xiaoqing.Lightning transients of wind turbine towers involving frequency- dependent characteristics[J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2009, 35(6): 1344-1349.
[66] 杨文斌, 周浩. 风电机组过电压保护与防雷接地设计[J]. 高电压技术, 2008, 34(10): 2081-2085.
Yang Wenbin, Zhou Hao.Design for overvoltage protection and lightning grounding of wind turbine[J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2008, 34(10): 2081-2085.
[67] 王晓辉, 张小青. 风电机组内电子设备的雷电电磁干扰分析[J]. 高电压技术, 2009, 35(8): 2019-2023.
Wang Xiaohui, Zhang Xiaoqing.Analysis of the lightning electromagnetic interference to electronic devices in wind generation systems[J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2009, 35(8): 2019-2023.
[68] Yamamoto K, Chikara T, Ametani A.A study of transient magnetic fields in a nacelle of a wind turbine generator system due to lightning[J]. IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy, 2009, 129(5): 628-636.
[69] 肖翔, 张小青, 李聪. 风电机组雷电过电压的仿真分析[J]. 电工技术学报, 2015, 30(24): 237-244.
Xiao Xiang, Zhang Xiaoqing, Li Cong.Simulation analysis on overvoltage in wind turbines by lightning stroke[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2015, 30(24): 237-244.
[70] Markovski B, Grcev L, Arnautovski-Toseva V.Transient characteristics of wind turbine grounding[C]// 2012 International Conference on Lightning Pro- tection (ICLP), Vienna, Austria, 2012: 1-6.
[71] 罗日成, 李稳, 李志前, 等. 基于分段参数的风力机组建模及雷击暂态过电压分析[J]. 高电压技术, 2015, 41(8): 2780-2787.
Luo Richeng, Li Wen, Li Zhiqian, et al.Modeling of wind turbine generator based on piecewise parameter and its lightning transient overvoltage analysis[J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2015, 41(8): 2780-2787. |
|
|
|
2019, Vol. 34 
