无线电能传输的智慧化演进

doi:10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.251703

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摘要随着无线电能传输（WPT）技术的发展与成熟,在人工智能、物联网等技术的推动下,其应用场景已从单一的能量供给,向满足智能无人系统、车网互动等新兴需求的智慧交互方向转变。该转变对能源系统提出了超越传统能量供给的智慧化与网络化要求。然而,以供电为中心的传统WPT系统（WPT 1.0）,因其感知盲目、交互缺失等固有局限,已难以支撑新一代智慧能源协同的需求。为此,该文提出并系统地定义了“智慧交互式无线电能传输（I²WPT）”的核心概念框架,以探索WPT技术范式从以供电为中心向以交互为核心的演进路径。I²WPT将传统的单向能量供给系统,升级为具备“感知-通信-计算-控制”全链路闭环能力的新一代信息物理系统。该文将从概念内涵与价值、系统构建的关键挑战、分步实现的技术路径以及广阔应用前景四个维度,对I²WPT进行系统性阐述。

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关键词 ：智慧交互式无线电能传输（I²-WPT）, 信息物理系统, 能量信息融合, 感知与控制

Abstract：The global energy transition toward sustainability, coupled with the digital revolution toward the internet of everything, has necessitated the evolution of power systems into more intelligent and flexible infrastructures. Wireless power transfer (WPT), as a key enabling technology, has achieved widespread success in consumer electronics and static electric vehicle charging through efficient, unidirectional power flow. However, conventional WPT systems (WPT 1.0) are limited by a lack of requisite sensing, interaction, and adaptation capabilities, rendering them insufficient for complex, dynamic applications in emerging domains such as intelligent transportation and the low-altitude economy. To bridge this gap, this paper proposes the concept of intelligent and interactive wireless power transfer (I²WPT), representing a paradigm shift from a “power-centric” to an “interaction-centric” approach. I²WPT redefines the system from a simple energy supply tool into an intelligent cyber-physical system that unifies sensing, communication, computation, and control, enabling a systematic evolution from predetermined, open-loop operation to adaptive, closed-loop control.
The transition to the I²WPT paradigm involved addressing a series of scientific and engineering challenges, including robustness under spatial misalignments, lifecycle cost control for integrated hardware, and data security in edge computing. Accordingly, a structured, three-stage development roadmap is proposed to guide the realization of I²WPT. The initial stage focused on building a robust physical foundation by integrating multi-modal sensors and high-performance edge computing modules, enabling high-fidelity environmental and operational awareness. The second stage leverages this perceptual data to construct a high-fidelity digital twin of the system, which allowed for real-time online monitoring, parameter identification, and predictive diagnostics. The final stage establishes a unified communication and control framework, where system-wide, AI-driven algorithms perform adaptive optimization and coordinated scheduling, completing the full “sense-cognize-decide-act” loop.
Based on this framework, five core characteristics of the I²WPT system are identified: adaptive power regulation, multi-device collaborative management, bi-directional energy-information interaction, data-driven predictive optimization, and full-cycle safety assurance. Further systematic analysis and technical deductions indicate that the I²WPT system is designed to achieve a power transmission efficiency of ≥95% in static scenarios and maintain ≥90% in dynamic working environments. By adjusting the inverter frequency and duty cycle through the closed-loop control mechanism, the system response time to load variations and device position offsets can be reduced to less than 200 ms. Furthermore, under complex electromagnetic environments, the signal packet loss rate is projected to remain at ≤0.01%, aligning with 5G and 6G communication standards. These metrics theoretically validate the capability of the system to maintain stable output characteristics despite external disturbances such as foreign object intrusion or coupling fluctuations.
The implementation of I²WPT unlocks strategic application prospects across multiple domains. In future mobility, I²WPT enables dynamic charging and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) interaction, turning electric vehicle fleets into manageable, distributed energy resources. In the low-altitude economy, it creates autonomous energy replenishment networks that integrate power and high-bandwidth data transfer for drone swarms. For smart healthcare, it serves as a wireless “life-data bus”, safely powering advanced implantable devices while transmitting critical physiological data. In extreme environments such as deep-sea and space exploration, I²WPT nodes function as an “energy oasis” to support long-duration unmanned missions. Ultimately, I²WPT emerges as a key enabling technology for the future energy internet, providing a theoretical foundation and practical guide for the convergence of energy and information systems, thereby supporting the development of a sustainable and intelligent society.

Key words： Intelligent and interactive wireless power transfer (I²WPT) cyber-physical system energy and information fusion perception and control

收稿日期: 2025-10-09

PACS:	TM15
	TM73

基金资助:国家自然科学基金（52477005, 52207010）、河北省中央引导地方科技发展资金（236Z5201G）、河北省高等学校科学研究项目合作专项（CXY2024010）、河北省燕赵青年科学家项目（E2024202109）和河北省省级科技计划（24464401D）资助项目

通讯作者: 杨庆新男,1961年生,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为工程电磁场与磁技术。E-mail：qxyang@tjut.edu.cn;张献男,1983年生,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为无线电能传输技术,工程电磁场与磁技术。E-mail：zhangxian@hebut.edu.cn;章鹏程男,1991年生,讲师,研究方向为无线电能传输技术。E-mail：pczhang@tsinghua.edu.cn

作者简介: 王奉献男,1995年生,博士研究生,研究方向为无线电能传输技术。E-mail：fx-wang@outlook.com

引用本文:

杨庆新, 王奉献, 张献, 章鹏程. 无线电能传输的智慧化演进[J]. 电工技术学报, 2026, 41(9): 2879-2889. Yang Qingxin, Wang Fengxian, Zhang Xian, Zhang Pengcheng. Intelligent Evolution of Wireless Power Transfer. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2026, 41(9): 2879-2889.

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