Yang Qingxin1,2, Wang Fengxian1, Zhang Xian1, Zhang Pengcheng3
1. State Key Laboratory of Smart Power Distribution Equipment and System Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 China; 2. Tianjin Key Laboratory of New Energy Power Conversion Transmission and Intelligent Control Tianjin University of Technology Tianjin 300382 China; 3. Department of Electrical Engineering and Applied Electronics Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
Abstract：The global energy transition toward sustainability, coupled with the digital revolution toward the internet of everything, has necessitated the evolution of power systems into more intelligent and flexible infrastructures. Wireless power transfer (WPT), as a key enabling technology, has achieved widespread success in consumer electronics and static electric vehicle charging through efficient, unidirectional power flow. However, conventional WPT systems (WPT 1.0) are limited by a lack of requisite sensing, interaction, and adaptation capabilities, rendering them insufficient for complex, dynamic applications in emerging domains such as intelligent transportation and the low-altitude economy. To bridge this gap, this paper proposes the concept of intelligent and interactive wireless power transfer (I2WPT), representing a paradigm shift from a “power-centric” to an “interaction-centric” approach. I2WPT redefines the system from a simple energy supply tool into an intelligent cyber-physical system that unifies sensing, communication, computation, and control, enabling a systematic evolution from predetermined, open-loop operation to adaptive, closed-loop control. The transition to the I2WPT paradigm involved addressing a series of scientific and engineering challenges, including robustness under spatial misalignments, lifecycle cost control for integrated hardware, and data security in edge computing. Accordingly, a structured, three-stage development roadmap is proposed to guide the realization of I2WPT. The initial stage focused on building a robust physical foundation by integrating multi-modal sensors and high-performance edge computing modules, enabling high-fidelity environmental and operational awareness. The second stage leverages this perceptual data to construct a high-fidelity digital twin of the system, which allowed for real-time online monitoring, parameter identification, and predictive diagnostics. The final stage establishes a unified communication and control framework, where system-wide, AI-driven algorithms perform adaptive optimization and coordinated scheduling, completing the full “sense-cognize-decide-act” loop. Based on this framework, five core characteristics of the I2WPT system are identified: adaptive power regulation, multi-device collaborative management, bi-directional energy-information interaction, data-driven predictive optimization, and full-cycle safety assurance. Further systematic analysis and technical deductions indicate that the I2WPT system is designed to achieve a power transmission efficiency of ≥95% in static scenarios and maintain ≥90% in dynamic working environments. By adjusting the inverter frequency and duty cycle through the closed-loop control mechanism, the system response time to load variations and device position offsets can be reduced to less than 200 ms. Furthermore, under complex electromagnetic environments, the signal packet loss rate is projected to remain at ≤0.01%, aligning with 5G and 6G communication standards. These metrics theoretically validate the capability of the system to maintain stable output characteristics despite external disturbances such as foreign object intrusion or coupling fluctuations. The implementation of I2WPT unlocks strategic application prospects across multiple domains. In future mobility, I2WPT enables dynamic charging and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) interaction, turning electric vehicle fleets into manageable, distributed energy resources. In the low-altitude economy, it creates autonomous energy replenishment networks that integrate power and high-bandwidth data transfer for drone swarms. For smart healthcare, it serves as a wireless “life-data bus”, safely powering advanced implantable devices while transmitting critical physiological data. In extreme environments such as deep-sea and space exploration, I2WPT nodes function as an “energy oasis” to support long-duration unmanned missions. Ultimately, I2WPT emerges as a key enabling technology for the future energy internet, providing a theoretical foundation and practical guide for the convergence of energy and information systems, thereby supporting the development of a sustainable and intelligent society.
[1] 马伟明. 关于电工学科前沿技术发展的若干思考[J]. 电工技术学报, 2021, 36(22): 4627-4636. Ma Weiming.Thoughts on the development of frontier technology in electrical engineering[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2021, 36(22): 4627-4636. [2] 孙跃, 马皓, 赵雷. 无线电能传输技术及应用专辑主编述评[J]. 电源学报, 2023, 21(6): 1-6. Sun Yue, Ma Hao, Zhao Lei.Editorial for the special issue on wireless power transfer technology and its applications[J]. Journal of power supply, 2023, 21(6): 1-6. [3] 张岩, 都义彬, 臧朝辉, 等. 基于发射端信息的无线电能传输系统负载与互感辨识方法[J]. 电工技术学报, 2026, 41(6): 1860-1871. Zhang Yan, Dou Yibin, Zang Chaohui, et al.Load and mutual inductance identification of WPT system based on transmitter information[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2026, 41(6): 1860-1871. [4] Deng Zhipeng, Hu Hongsheng, Su Yugang, et al.Design of a 60-kW EV dynamic wireless power transfer system with dual transmitters and dual receivers[J]. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, 2024, 12(1): 316-327. [5] 孙淑彬, 张波, 李建国, 等. 多负载磁耦合无线电能传输系统的拓扑发展和分析[J]. 电工技术学报, 2022, 37(8): 1885-1903. Sun Shubin, Zhang Bo, Li Jianguo, et al.Analysis and development on topologies of multi-load magnetic-coupling wireless power transfer system[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2022, 37(8): 1885-1903. [6] 陈卓旭, 胡泽春, 鲍志远, 等. 大规模电动汽车充换电设施集总功率实时分解策略[J/OL]. 电力系统自动化, 2025: 1-13. (2025-08-05)[2025-08-10]. https://link.cnki.net/urlid/32.1180.tp.20250805.1107.004. Chen Zhuoxu, Hu Zechun, Bao Zhiyuan, et al. Real-time decomposition strategy of aggregate power for large-scale electric vehicle charging and battery swapping facilities[J/OL]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2025: 1-13. (2025-08-05)[2025-08-10]. https://link.cnki.net/urlid/32.1180.tp.20250805.1107.004. [7] 国家发展改革委, 国家能源局. 关于印发《“十四五”现代能源体系规划》的通知[EB/OL]. (2022-01-29)[2025-07-15]. https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2022-03/23/content_5680759.htm. [8] 李建国, 张波, 荣超. 近场磁耦合无线电能与信息同步传输技术的发展(上篇): 数字调制[J]. 电工技术学报, 2022, 37(14): 3487-3501. Li Jianguo, Zhang Bo, Rong Chao.An overview of simultaneous wireless power and information transfer via near-field magnetic links (partⅠ): digital modulation[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2022, 37(14): 3487-3501. [9] 李建国, 张波, 荣超. 近场磁耦合无线电能与信息同步传输技术的发展(下篇):电路拓扑[J]. 电工技术学报, 2022, 37(16): 3989-4003. Li Jianguo, Zhang Bo, Rong Chao.An overview of simultaneous wireless power and information transfer via near-field magnetic links (partⅡ): circuit topology[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2022, 37(16): 3989-4003. [10] 孙敏, 戴欣, 李艳玲, 等. 双向无线电能传输技术的研究现状[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2024, 44(21): 8580-8597. Sun Min, Dai Xin, Li Yanling, et al.Research status of bidirectional wireless power transfer technology[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2024, 44(21): 8580-8597. [11] 杨庆新, 张献, 章鹏程. 电动车智慧无线电能传输云网[J]. 电工技术学报, 2023, 38(1): 1-12. Yang Qingxin, Zhang Xian, Zhang Pengcheng.Intelligent wireless power transmission cloud network for electric vehicles[J]. Transactions of China Electro-technical Society, 2023, 38(1): 1-12. [12] 贲彤, 单智超, 陈龙, 等. 基于重构LCC-LCC补偿拓扑的无线电能传输系统抗偏移及稳定双端输出特性研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 2026, 41(8): 2521-2534. Ben Tong, Shan Zhichao, Chen Long, et al.Research on anti-misalignment characteristics and stable dual-port output performance in wireless power transfer systems based on reconfigured LCC-LCC compensation topology[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2026, 41(8): 2521-2534. [13] Campagna Giulio, Lagomarsino Marta, Lorenzini Marta, et al.Promoting trust in industrial human-robot collaboration through preference-based optimization[J]. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, 2024, 9(11): 9255-9262. [14] 左志平, 李英杰, 彭博, 等. 基于共形式磁耦合机构的全方向偏移容忍性无人机无线电能传输系统[J]. 电工技术学报, 2025, 40(14): 4355-4368. Zuo Zhiping, Li Yingjie, Peng Bo, et al.Omnidirectional misalignment tolerant an unmanned aerial vehicle wireless power transfer system with conform magnetic coupler[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2025, 40(14): 4355-4368. [15] 邓仁为, 苏玉刚, 胡宏晟, 等. 基于共面中继线圈的水下无线电能与信息并行传输系统[J]. 电工技术学报, 2025, 40(12): 3759-3769. Deng Renwei, Su Yugang, Hu Hongsheng, et al.Underwater simultaneous wireless power and information transfer system with coplanar double-coil coupler[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2025, 40(12): 3759-3769. [16] 张玉旺, 都义彬, 张岩, 等. 无线电能传输系统参数辨识技术研究综述[J/OL]. 电源学报, 2024: 1-12. (2024-06-13)[2025-03-16]. https://link.cnki.net/urlid/12.1420.tm.20240613.0933.002. Zhang Yuwang, Dou Yibin, Zhang Yan, et al. A review of parameter identification techniques for wireless power transfer systems[J/OL]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024: 1-12. (2024-06-13)[2025-03-16]. https://link.cnki.net/urlid/12.1420.tm.20240613.0933.002. [17] 荣灿灿, 段晓宇, 陈蒙蒙, 等. 基于双正交DD-双组合式螺线管的强抗偏移性无人机无线电能传输系统[J]. 电工技术学报, 2026, 41(1): 46-49. Rong Cancan, Duan Xiaoyu, Chen Mengmeng, et al.A robust anti-offset wireless power transfer system for UAVs based on dual-orthogonal DD-dual combined solenoid[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2026, 41(1): 46-49. [18] Choi B H, Lee J H.Efficient magnetic resonance SIMO WPT insensitive to load impedance at short distances[J]. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 2022, 32(12): 1463-1466. [19] Cai Changsong, Wang Junhua, Wan Leke, et al.Robust wide-area wireless charging of multipath movable receivers: a coupling mechanism and simplified configuration strategy[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2025, 40(1): 2527-2541.
2026, Vol. 41 
