基于多域混合模型的锂电池多耦合状态联合估计算法

doi:10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.251202

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摘要

面向电动汽车(Electric Vehicles, EV)一类宽温度,宽功率,宽放电深度应用场景,聚焦车载动力电池多耦合状态联合估计问题及电池电-热复杂耦合关系的精确表达问题,提出一种基于多域混合模型(Multi-Domain Hybrid Model, MDHM)的电池多耦合状态联合估计算法。该算法中提出针对电热耦合关系表达的精确建模,即将电池在电气域及热域中的特性通过耦合域建立双向映射精确表达模型以形成电池的多域混合模型。该模型有效提升电池在动态复杂工况下的电-热动态特性表达精度。进一步,考虑滤波类方法在稳定性、鲁棒性,泛化能力,复杂性及数据依赖性方面的优势,提出基于自适应平方根无迹卡尔曼滤波(Adaptive Square Root Unscented Kalman Filter, ASRUKF)的双滤波结构以实现电池多状态的联合估计及耦合域稳定性修正。同时实现考虑热状态(State of Temperature, SOT)等多约束的功率状态(State of Power, SOP)估计。在2类电池包括老化在内的3种动态工况下的12个温度场景中,将所提算法与2类典型电热耦合模型(Electro-Thermal Coupling Model, ETCM)及多个多状态联合估计方法比较。实验结果表明,MDHM能够实现电模型精度平均提高2.589mv,热模型精度平均提高0.027℃。加入耦合域修正器后,MDHM精度可进一步平均提升1.389mv和0.019℃。相较于多个多状态联合估计方法,所提多耦合状态联合估计算法能够平均提高荷电状态(State of Charge, SOC)、SOT及容量估计精度0.234%、0.188℃和0.35%。

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关键词 ：电热耦合模型, LSTM, 多耦合状态, ASRUKF

Abstract：

Aiming at the requirements of application scenarios for EV, this paper focused on the accurately expressing problem of the bidirectional mapping of the electro-thermal complex coupling relationship (E/T-CCR) within the battery, with the ultimate goal of improving the accuracy of battery state estimation. Taking 18650 lithium batteries as the research object, a multi-coupled states joint estimation algorithm for (including SOC, SOP, SOT, and capacity states) lithium batteries based on multi-domain hybrid model (MDHM) was proposed. The proposed MDHM had better accuracy and dynamic tracking performance under complex operating conditions. The proposed multi-coupled states joint estimation algorithm enabled high-accuracy joint estimation of 4 key battery states.
The general execution process of the algorithm is as follows:
Firstly, in the offline part, the coupling domain of MDHM based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) was constructed to initially realize the bidirectional mapping expression of E/T-CCR for the batteries. Secondly, in the online part, the constructed LSTM, autoregressive equivalent circuit model (AR-ECM), and single state lumped thermal model (SSTM) together formed MDHM. They jointly describe the complex electro-thermal dynamic characteristics for batteries. Among them, the E/T-CCR of the electrical and thermal domains was determined by the coupling domain based on real-time battery operating data, and was corrected by the coupling domain corrector based on adaptive square root unscented Kalman filter (ASRUKF) before finally outputting to the state estimator. Finally, the state estimator achieved real-time joint estimation of SOC, SOT, and capacity based on the obtained dynamic E/T-CCR. SOP estimator implemented online estimation of SOP based on multi-constraints (Such as current I, terminal voltage Ud, SOC and SOT).
By comparing with 2 typical multi-state joint estimation methods based on electro-thermal coupling model (ETCM) in 12 temperature scenarios under 3 dynamic operating conditions including aging for 2 types of batteries, the experimental results show that: Under 2 extreme temperatures of 50℃ and -10℃, the proposed MDHM has good accuracy when facing DST and mixed operating conditions. The MDHM can achieve an average improvement of 2.589mv in electrical model accuracy and an average improvement of 0.027℃ in thermal model accuracy. The multi-coupled states joint estimation algorithm proposed has more stable RMSE over a wide temperature range of [10℃,50℃]. It can improve the SOC, SOT, and capacity accuracies by an average of 0.094%, 0.026℃, and 0.199%, respectively. In addition, by comparing with MDHM without coupling domain corrector, the MDHM with coupled domain corrector can achieve an average improvement of 1.389mv in electrical model accuracy and 0.019℃ in thermal model accuracy. This indicates that the stability of the coupling domain can be effectively compensated by the proposed coupling domain corrector based on ASRUKF.
The following conclusions can be drawn from the experimental analysis: (1) The coupling domain in MDHM can more accurately express battery E/T-CCR in scenarios such as EV characterized by wide temperature, wide power, and wide discharge depth operating conditions. (2) The coupling domain corrector can enhance the stability, generalization ability, and reducing errors caused by differences in battery consistency and aging. (3) The proposed SOP estimation that considers SOT constraint is quite necessary. Firstly, the SOT constraint always plays a dominant role in the battery charging/discharging process. Secondly, as the continuous charging/discharging time increases, SOP estimation considering SOT constraint is more critical. In addition, in low-temperature scenarios, SOP estimation considering SOT constraint can avoid battery damage. Finally, in aging scenarios, due to the increase in battery internal resistance and faster temperature rise inside the battery, SOP estimation considering SOT constraint is more important for the battery safety.

Key words： Electro-thermal coupling model LSTM multi-coupled states ASRUKF

收稿日期: 2025-07-08

PACS:

TM912

基金资助:

国家重点研发计划资助项目（2023YFB4706801）

通讯作者: 孙连坤男,1979年生,教授,博士,研究方向为人工智能和边缘计算、智能网联与辅助驾驶技术。E-mail：suweixing@tiangong.edu.cn

作者简介: 刘芳女,1983年生,教授,博士后,研究方向为储能系统建模、辨识与优化等。E-mail：lf@tiangong.edu.cn

引用本文:

刘芳, 刘佳一, 苏卫星, 孙连坤. 基于多域混合模型的锂电池多耦合状态联合估计算法[J]. 电工技术学报, 0, (): 20251202-20251202. Liu Fang, Liu Jiayi, Su Weixing, Sun Liankun. Multi-coupled States Joint Estimation Algorithm for Lithium Battery Based on Multi Domain Hybrid Model. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 0, (): 20251202-20251202.

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