适应调节型虚拟电厂的现货市场改进机制及连续调节实证

doi:10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.251263

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摘要当前现货市场机制以集中式机组与确定性负荷为设计范式,难以准确识别虚拟电厂（VPP）的调节能力和边际成本价值。该文聚焦VPP参与电力现货市场机制的适配问题,提出一种计及参数等效映射与线性出清优化的现货市场改进机制。首先,构建兼顾价格信号驱动与环境扰动反馈的调节参考曲线动态调整模型,突破静态分解方法在反映用户真实响应意愿上的局限性。其次,考虑现行“单调阶梯报价”投标机制难以反映VPP内部复杂结构,提出一种基于多层映射机制的等效“虚拟储能”参数化表征方法,将资源组态与运行状态内嵌为统一的线性出清约束。在此基础上,进一步设计了融合充放电里程边际成本函数与末状态荷电状态（SOC）估值函数的投标结构,以解决边际成本投标结构所导致的虚拟电厂价值失真问题。最后,结合某省电力现货市场试运行数据开展实证分析,验证所提机制在提升虚拟电厂响应执行率与经济收益方面的显著效果。

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关键词 ：虚拟电厂, 现货市场, 调节参考曲线, 投标结构, 响应实证分析

Abstract：The current spot market mechanisms have yet to incorporate the heterogeneity and flexibility of distributed energy resources (DER), and remain take centralized generation units and deterministic loads as the design paradigm, while the generation mechanism of quantity-price curve continues to follow the traditional bidding structure of conventional generating units, standardized participation mechanisms and bidding structures accommodating all types of virtual power plant have yet to be established. In scenarios with large-scale VPP engagement in spot markets, this mechanism causes exponential proliferation in both the dimensionality of nonlinear constraints and the scale of decision variables within market clearing models. This significantly increases computational complexity during the solution process, severely impeding widespread VPP integration and scaled development. Moreover, under prevailing spot market mechanisms, accurate electricity price forecasting constitutes a critical basis for VPPs to execute price arbitrage. When substantial prediction errors occur, VPPs incur heightened market operational risks while their provided flexibility deviates from system regulation requirements.
To address the aforementioned challenges,this paper focused on the adaptation challenges of VPPs participating in the electricity spot market mechanisms, and proposed an improved spot market mechanism that considers parameter equivalent mapping and linear clearing optimization. Firstly, based on the static decomposition method, a dynamic adjustment model of regulation reference curve that considers both price signal driving and environmental disturbance feedback was constructed, to overcome the limitations of static baseline decomposition in reflecting users' true response willingness. Secondly, considering that the current monotonic stepwise bidding mechanism is difficult to reflect the complex internal structure of VPPs, a multi-layer mapping mechanism integrating “resource aggregation-equivalent mapping-market interaction” was developed, on the basis,a parameterized representation method of “virtual energy storage” was proposed, which embedded resource configurations and operational dynamics into unified linear clearing constraints. Furthermore, an equivalent mapping model of multi-type DER response characteristics was constructed from the three dimensions of capacity, power, and efficiency constraints. Then, a bidding structure was further designed that integrates the marginal cost function of charging/discharging mileage and the final state-of-charge (SOC) value function, aiming to mitigate value distortion problems caused by conventional marginal cost-based bidding structure. Finally, an empirical analysis based on trial operation data from the Hubei Province electricity spot market was conducted, demonstrating the proposed mechanism's effectiveness in improving both the response execution rate and economic returns of VPP.
The following conclusions can be drawn from the analysis of the two-week trial operation results of VPP in Hubei Province: (1) During the bidding stage, the VPP operator has gradually established a relatively stable bidding strategy by adopting the spot market improvement mechanism proposed in this paper. (2) During the clearing stage, virtual power plants have their regulating capacity cleared every day, with the nodal clearing price ranging from 0 to 497 RMB/(MW·h). Except for Days 4 and 11, the spot prices during the midday period remained relatively low. (3) During the execution stage, the average daily execution deviation rate of VPP operators was 7.5%, and the maximum execution deviation rate did not exceed 15%.

Key words： Virtual power plant spot market regulation reference curve bidding structure empirical response analysis

收稿日期: 2025-07-18

PACS:

TM732

基金资助:国网湖北省电力有限公司科技项目“基于省域电网的灵活性评估的虚拟电厂资源优化配置技术”资助（521505240005）

通讯作者: 高洪超男,1990年生,博士,助理研究员,研究方向为虚拟电厂规划与运行优化。E-mail：hcgaoth@tsinghua.edu.cn

作者简介: 汪红波女,1974年生,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为虚拟电厂运行与电力市场机制设计。E-mail：283550038@qq.com

引用本文:

汪红波, 李小平, 邵立政, 金泰, 高洪超, 康重庆, 徐弢. 适应调节型虚拟电厂的现货市场改进机制及连续调节实证[J]. 电工技术学报, 2026, 41(11): 3772-3785. Wang Hongbo, Li Xiaoping, Shao Lizheng, Jin Tai, Gao Hongchao, Kang Chongqing, Xu Tao. The Spot Market Improvement Mechanism and Continuous Regulation Empirical Research of Adaptive Adjustable Virtual Power Plants. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2026, 41(11): 3772-3785.

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