Flexible Hydrogen Transfer and Dynamic Islanding Coordinated Time-Series Fault Recovery for Distribution Network under Electricity-Hydrogen-Road Coupling
Abstract：Extreme disasters often cause failures in distribution network (DN) lines, leading to large-scale power outages. Leveraging emergency response capabilities to the fullest is critical for improving the efficiency of power recovery. Existing studies have explored the use of energy storage (ES) in power supply; however, the flexibility and efficiency of ES are constrained by its relatively low energy density and limited storage stability. Furthermore, current research on fault recovery primarily concentrates on emergency resources within isolated networks, paying insufficient attention to coordinated recovery across multiple coupled infrastructure systems. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposes a time-series fault recovery strategy for distribution networks that integrates flexible hydrogen energy transfer and dynamic islanding coordination under fault conditions. First, based on the electricity-hydrogen-road coupling framework, this study incorporates road network (RN) constraints and cross-regional hydrogen collaboration. The transfer time and capacity limitations of hydrogen transportation tankers traveling on road network are analyzed. A flexible hydrogen transfer model is then developed to enable energy sharing among multiple microgrids. Subsequently, factors such as line repair sequencing, repair duration, and fault distribution are taken into account to characterize the interaction between line repair progress and network topology regulation, establishing a dynamic islanding model of DN. Finally, by harnessing the emergency support capabilities of multiple hydrogen-powered microgrids, a unified decision-making model for time-series fault recovery is proposed. This model organically integrates hydrogen exchange and dynamic islanding operations, achieving the objective of minimizing post-fault load shedding and achieving optimal restoration of power supply. Case studies are conducted on the modified IEEE 33 DN-32 RN with 3 microgrids. The results indicate that the coordinated operation of multiple emergency resources within the coupled electricity-hydrogen-road network contributes to optimal post-fault recovery. Specifically, the distribution network is segmented into multiple independent power supply islands based on the operational status of power lines, ensuring internal resource self-sufficiency and outward contribution. And microgrids transition from the load roles to the generation ones for supplying power to dispersed loads, while hydrogen tankers transport energy between different microgrids to realize spatio-temporal supply-demand balance. Repair crews prioritize their actions based on real-time DN conditions and the power supply requirements of each isolated region. Comparative analysis of various fault recovery strategies demonstrates that the proposed approach improves the load restoration rate by 24.16%, 22.86%, and 8.8%, respectively, compared to strategies employing only a single emergency measure. The following conclusions can be drawn: (1) The proposed flexible hydrogen transfer model enables complementary energy support among microgrids under extreme conditions, significantly improving the distribution of energy supply in fault-affected areas. (2) The dynamic islanding model effectively coordinates the temporal coupling between line repair and islanding partition, contributing to the rapid restoration of critical loads. (3) The unified fault recovery strategy optimizes both energy supply and network topology, enhancing the flexibility of the recovery process and strengthening the post-fault supply capacity for multi-type loads.
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