|
|
Research Progress on Vacuum Surface Flashover of Solid Dielectrics |
Li Shengtao, Nie Yongjie, Min Daomin, Pan Shaoming |
State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment Xi’an Jiaotong University Xi’an 710049 China |
|
|
Abstract The issue of surface flashover limiting the electrical strength of composite insulating system in vacuum has received many attentions. This paper reviews the research progress of surface flashover in the recent years. Research results indicate that surface flashover performance of solid dielectrics in vacuum is influenced by many factors, such as the way of conditioning, surface and bulk properties of materials, the deposited charges in surface layer, electric field distribution of insulating system, etc. Mechanism implies that the essence of surface flashover is the charge transport behavior across gas-solid interface under high electric field, which involves charge trapping and de-trapping properties in dielectric surface layer, secondary electron emission properties, impact ionization of gas molecules and electron multiplication properties in gaseous phase (or desorbed gas). The development process and formation of surface flashover is a coupling effect of the above factors. Based on the above analysis, it is concluded that the improvement of surface flashover voltages can be achieved by changing the surface and bulk properties of materials as well as improving the electric field distribution of the whole insulation system.
|
Received: 03 June 2016
Published: 02 May 2017
|
|
|
|
|
[1] Srivastava K D, Morcos M M. A review of some critical aspects of insulation design of GIS/GIL systems[C]//IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, 2001: 787-792. [2] Yamigiwa T, Ishikawa T, Endo F, et al. Particle- initiated breakdown characteristics on a ribbed spacer surface for SF 6 gas insulated switchgear[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1988, 3(3): 954-960. [3] Nitta T, Shibuya Y, Fujiwara Y. et al. Factors controlling surface flashover in SF 6 gas insulated systems[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, 1978, 97(3): 959-968. [4] 刘熊, 林海丹, 梁义明, 等. 空气中微秒脉冲沿面放电对环氧树脂表面特性影响研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 2015, 30(13): 158-165. Liu Xiong, Lin Haidan, Liang Yiming, et al. Effect of atmospheric-pressure microsecond pulsed discharges on epoxy resin surface[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2015, 30(13): 158-165. [5] 张丹洋, 周浩. 一种用于绝缘子闪络定位的新型无源故障指示器[J]. 电力系统保护与控制, 2012, 40(6): 119-124. Zhang Danyang, Zhou Hao. A new passive fault indicator for locating insulator flashover[J]. Power System Protection and Control, 2012, 40(6): 119-124. [6] 马仪, 黄然, 申元, 等. 输电线路雷击点与闪络点不一致的辨识与定位[J]. 电力系统保护与控制, 2016, 44(2): 123-129. Ma Yi, Huang Ran, Shen Yuan, et al. Inconsistent identification and location of transmission line lightning point and flashover point[J]. Power System Protection and Control, 2016, 44(2): 123-129. [7] 胡长猛, 谢从珍, 袁超, 等. 雾霾对输变电设备外绝缘特性影响机理综述[J]. 电力系统保护与控制, 2015, 43(16): 147-154. Hu Changmeng, Xie Congzhen, Yuan Chao, et al. A review on influence mechanism of haze on external insulation characteristics of transmission and transformation equipment[J]. Power System Pro- tection and Control, 2015, 43(16): 147-154. [8] Trivepiece A, Hammer D, Ditmire T, et al. Pulsed power peer review committee report[R]. SAND2004- 4232, 2006, 10: 7-17. [9] Mehlhorn T A, Bailey J E, Bennett G, et al. Recent experimental results on ICF target implosions by Z-pinch radiation sources and their relevance to ICF ignition studies[J]. Plasma Physics & Controlled Fusion, 2003, 45(12): A325-A334. [10] 潘如政, 李敏堂, 赵争菡, 等. Al 2 O 3 陶瓷在脉冲电压下的激光触发沿面闪络特性研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 2015, 30(12): 314-319. Pan Ruzheng, Li Mintang, Zhao Zhenghan, et al. Study of Al 2 O 3 ceramics’ laser-triggered surface flashover characteristics with pulsed voltage[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2015, 30(12): 314-319. [11] Cho M, Kim J, Hosoda S, et al. Aurora charging of large solar panel of a polar orbit satellite[C]// International Energy Conversion Engineering Con- ference, Providence Rhode Island USA, 2004: 16-19. [12] Miller H C. Flashover of insulators in vacuum: the last twenty years[J]. IEEE Transactions on Diele- ctrics and Electrical Insulation, 2015, 22(6): 3641- 3657. [13] Kuffel E, Grzybowski S, Ugarte R B. Flashover across polyethylene and tetrafluoroethylene surfaces in vacuum under direct, alternating and surge voltages of various waveshapes[J]. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2002, 5(3): 575-579. [14] Asokan T, Sudarshan T S. Optimization of test procedures to improve insulator performance under high stress[J]. IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insuation, 1993, 28(4): 545-554. [15] Li Shengtao, Wang Weiwang, Yu Shihu, et al. Degradation of cross linked polystyrene by repetitive impulse surface flashovers in vacuum[J]. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2013, 20(20): 1934-1941. [16] Chen Yu, Cheng Yonghong, Wang Zengbin, et al. Influence of pulse steepness on vacuum flashover of casting epoxy resin[J]. Plasma Science & Tech- nology, 2009, 11(1): 89-93. [17] Miller H C. Flashover of insulators in vacuum: review of the phenomena and techniques to improved holdoff voltage[J]. IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, 1993, 28(4): 512-527. [18] Shannon J P, Philp S F, Trump J G. Insulation of high voltage across solid insulators in vacuum[J]. Journal of Vacuum Science &Technology, 1965, 2(5): 234-239. [19] Grzybowski S, Thompson J E, Kuffel E. Electric surface strength and surface deterioration of thermo- plastic insulators in vacuum[J]. IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, 1983, 18(3): 301-309. [20] 郎艳, 王艺博, 苏国强, 等. 表面粗糙度对有机玻璃材料真空沿面闪络特性的影响[J]. 高电压技术, 2015, 41(2): 474-478. Lang Yan, Wang Yibo, Su Guoqiang, et al. Influence of surface roughness on vacuum flashover characteri- stics of PMMA[J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2015, 41(2): 474-478. [21] Naruse H, Yamamoto O. Estimation of flashover voltage along cylindrical insulators in vacuum[C]// International Symposium on Discharges and Elec- trical Insulation in Vacuum, Mumbai, India. 2014, 23(1): 65-68. [22] 于开坤, 张冠军, 穆海宝, 等. 表面处理对可加工陶瓷真空沿面闪络特性的影响[J]. 电工技术学报, 2012, 27(5): 115-120. Yu kaikun, Zhang Guanjun, Mu Haibao, et al. Effect of surface treatment on the surface flashover characteristics of machinable ceramic in vacuum[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2012, 27(5): 115-120. [23] 孟晓波, 梅红伟, 陈昌龙, 等. 涂抹RTV的绝缘介质表面流注传播特性的研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 2014, 29(10): 318-325. Meng Xiaobo, Mei Hongwei, Chen Changlong, et al. Research on streamer propagation along RTV coated insulation surfaces[J]. Transactions of China Electro- technical Society, 2014, 29(10): 318-325. [24] 李亚伟, 张星海, 陈洪波, 等. RTV涂层表面绿球藻的生长对绝缘支柱电气性能的影响[J]. 电工技术学报, 2015, 30(12): 330-335. Li Yawei, Zhang Xinghai, Chen Hongbo, et al. Influences of chlorococcum growth on the electrical performance of post insulators with RTV coating[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2015, 30(12): 330-335. [25] Shao T, Yang W, Zhang C, et al. Enhanced surface flashover strength in vacuum of polymethylmethacry- late by surface modification using atmospheric- pressure dielectric barrier discharge[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2014, 105(7): 71607(5). [26] Xun T, Yang H, Zhang J. A high vacuum, high electric field pulsed power interface based on a ceramic insulator[J]. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2014, 43(12): 4130-4135. [27] Cross J D, Sudarshan T S. The effect of cuprous oxide coatings on surface flashover of dielectric spacers in vacuum[J]. IEEE Transactions on Elec- trical Insulation, 1974, EI-9(4): 146-150. [28] Miller H C, Furno E J. The effect of Mn/Ti surface treatment on voltage hold-off performance of alumina insulators in vaccum[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 1978, 49(11): 5416-5420. [29] Nie Yongjie, Zhao Ni, Li Shengtao, et al. Effect of fluorination on surface flashover characteristics of LDPE in vacuum[C]//International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis, Jein Island, Korea, 2014: 306-309. [30] Mohamad A, Chen G, Zhang Y, et al. Surface fluorinated epoxy resin for high voltage DC appli- cation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics & Electrical Insulation, 2015, 22(1): 101-108. [31] Yu Kaikun, Zhang Guanjun, Liu Guoqing, et al. Effect of surface shallow traps on flashover characteristics across machinable ceramic in vacuum[J]. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics & Electrical Insulation, 2008, 15(5): 1464-1470. [32] 柯昌凤, 付红梅, 刘文元, 等. 云母/交联聚苯乙烯复合材料制备及沿面闪络性能[J]. 强激光与离子束, 2016, 28(3): 24-28. Ke Changfeng, Fu Hongmei, Liu Wenyuan, et al. Preparation and flashover properties of mica/CLPS composite[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2016, 28(3): 24-28. [33] Li Shengtao, Huang Qifeng, Sun Jian, et al. Effect of traps on surface flashover of XLPE in vacuum[J]. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics & Electrical Insula- tion, 2010, 17(3): 964-970. [34] Li Shengtao, Nie Yongjie, Wang Weiwang, et al. Surface flashover performance of phenolphthalein modified LDPE in vacuum[J]. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics & Electrical Insulation, 2016, 23(5): 3215-3223. [35] Lewis T J. Nanometric dielectrics[J]. IEEE Transa- ctions on Dielectrics & Electrical Insulation, 1994, 1(5): 812-825. [36] Nelson J K, Fothergill J C, Dissado L A, et al. Towards an understanding of nanometric dielectrics[C]// IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation Dielectrical Phenomena (CEIDP), Montreal Canada, 2002, 1: 295-298. [37] Tanaka T, Imai T. Advances in nanodielectric materials over the past 50 years[J]. IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 2013, 29(1): 10-23. [38] Wang Weiwang, Li Shengtao, Tang Fan, et al. Characteristics on surface flashover of polyethylene nanocomposites film in vacuum[C]//IEEE Inter- national Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis, Bali, Indonesia, 2012: 1055-1058. [39] Chen Yu, Cheng Yonghong, Jiabin Z, et al. Pulsed vacuum flashover of Al 2 O 3 /epoxy nanocomposite[C]// International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials (ISEIM), 2008: 36-39. [40] Cheng Yonghong, Wang Zengbin, Wu Kai. Pulsed vacuum surface flashover characteristics of TiO 2 / epoxy nano-micro composites[J]. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2012, 40(1): 68-77. [41] 张振军, 苗军, 王学强, 等. 改性聚酰亚胺的真空直流沿面闪络特性[J]. 西安交通大学学报, 2013, 47(4): 51-56. Zhang Zhenjun, Miao Jun, Wang Xueqiang, et al. Surface flashover characteristics of modified polyimide under DC voltage in vacuum[J]. Journal of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 2013, 47(4): 51-56. [42] Wang Weiwang, Min Daomin, Li Shengtao. Understanding the conduction and breakdown properties of polyethylene nanodielectrics: effect of deep trap[J]. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics & Electrical Insulation, 2015, 23(1): 564-572. [43] Fujii H, Hiro S. Surface flashover of dielectrics during low energy electron irradiation in vacuum[C]// International Symposium on Discharges and Elec- trical Insulation in Vacuum, Eindhoven, Netherlands, 1999, 2: 808-811. [44] 张振军, 苗军, 王学强, 等. 真空、直流电压的电子辐射环境中聚酰亚胺材料的沿面闪络特性[J]. 高电压技术, 2014, 40(1): 117-123. Zhang Zhenjun, Miao Jun, Wang Xueqiang, et al. Surface flashover characteristics of polyimide during electron beam irradiation under DC voltage in vacuum[J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2014, 40(1): 117-123. [45] Li Guochang, Li Shengtao, Pan Shaoming, et al. Effect of electron irradiation on DC surface flashover of polyimide in vacuum[J]. IEEE Transactions on Diele- ctrics & Electrical Insulation, 2016, 23(3): 1846-1853. [46] Zhang Zhenjun, Zheng Xiaoquan, Wu Wenbin, et al. DC surface flashover characteristics of polyimide in vacuum under electron beam irradiation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics & Electrical Insulation, 2015, 22(1): 604-610. [47] Li Shengtao, Huang Qifeng, Zhang Tuo, et al. New organic insulation system to improve the surface flashover characteristics in vacuum[J]. IEEE Transa- ctions on Plasma Science, 2010, 38(12): 3434-3441. [48] Li Shengtao, Zhang Tuo, Huang Qifeng, et al. Improvement of surface flashover performance in vacuum of A-B-A insulator by adopting ZnO varistor ceramics as layer A[J]. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2010, 38(7): 1656-1661. [49] Li Shengtao, Zhang Tuo, Huang Qifeng, et al. improvement of surface flashover performance of Al 2 O 3 ceramics in vacuum by adopting A-B-A insulation system[J]. Plasma Science & Technology 2011, 13(2): 235-241. [50] Li Shengtao, Zhang Tuo, Sun Jian, et al. Improvement of surface flashover performance in vacuum by co-firing Mo/Al 2 O 3 cermets and Al 2 O 3 ceramics[J]. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics & Electrical Insulation, 2010, 17(6): 1931-1937. [51] Boersch H, Hamisch H, Ehrlich W. Surface discharges across insulators in vacuum[J]. Z. Angew Phys., 1963, 15: 518-525. [52] Anderson R A. Mechanism of fast flashover in vacuum[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 1974, 24(2): 54-56. |
|
|
|