基于改进S变换-高时间分辨率后处理的HVDC单端故障测距方法

doi:10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.260431

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Abstract

Single-ended fault location for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) lines is commonly based on either the time interval between initial and reflected traveling waves or the propagation-time difference between line-mode and zero-mode traveling waves. The former is highly susceptible to misjudgments regarding the nature of reflected waves and wavefront overlap during near-end faults, whereas the latter is severely restricted by the frequency-dependent attenuation and dispersion of zero-mode traveling waves and the uncertainty in wave propagation speed. High transition resistance, varying fault locations, and ambient measurement noise further increase errors in extracting the exact time of arrival (TOA) of traveling waves, making it difficult to maintain consistent fault-location accuracy under different operating conditions.
To address these limitations, this paper proposes a single-ended fault-location method for HVDC lines based on an improved S-transform and high-time-resolution post-processing. The method employs the time-reassigned multisynchrosqueezing transform (TMSST), which has gained prominence in mechanical fault diagnosis over the past five years. TMSST iteratively reassigns time-frequency energy along the time axis, allowing the energy of wideband transient traveling waves at different frequencies to concentrate near their estimated times of arrival, thereby enabling the construction of multi-frequency TOA vectors. However, its performance depends on the front-end time-frequency transform. A short-time Fourier transform (STFT) with a fixed window width may cause low-frequency energy divergence. Although the standard S-transform provides multiresolution analysis, its window width strictly adheres to a fixed inverse proportionality with frequency and therefore cannot simultaneously accommodate the different attenuation and dispersion characteristics of line-mode and zero-mode traveling waves. An exponential adjustment factor is introduced into the Gaussian window of the S-transform to regulate the variation rate of the window width, and the corresponding group delay estimation operator is re-derived. The resulting method is defined as an improved S-transform-based time-reassigned multisynchrosqueezing transform (improved S-TMSST).
The improved S-TMSST is subsequently employed to extract the TOAs of line-mode and zero-mode traveling waves within the effective frequency band. The line-zero-mode arrival-time difference at each frequency is combined with the corresponding frequency-dependent wave speeds to generate an initial set of fault-distance samples. Nonparametric kernel density estimation (KDE) with an adaptively selected bandwidth is then applied to these samples to obtain the estimated probability density of the fault distance. The physical location corresponding to the maximum peak of the kernel density curve is outputted as the final fault-location result.
Simulations are conducted using PSCAD/EMTDC, with the Yunnan-Guangdong ±800 kV HVDC project as the prototype. The results show that the maximum relative location error is 0.284 8% under near-end or far-end faults combined with transition resistance up to 600 Ω. The algorithm exhibits strong noise immunity, and the minimum tolerable signal-to-noise ratio is approximately 45 dB. Under the dual interference of high noise and high transition resistance, the maximum relative error is 0.457 7%, while the maximum relative error under lightning-fault conditions is 0.190 1%.
The results demonstrate that the improved S-TMSST effectively delineates the intrinsic time-frequency morphological features of line-mode and zero-mode signals. KDE with an adaptively selected bandwidth mitigates time-frequency truncation errors and reduces the influence of outliers, thereby allowing the fault location to be estimated from the probability distribution of the distance samples even when abrupt changes occur in the low-frequency time-frequency ridges. The proposed method does not require machine-learning models or training data and is evaluated under long-distance transmission, high transition resistance, near-end faults, and lightning-fault conditions. It produces lower location errors than traditional methods based on fixed modal wave speeds in the simulated cases. However, the proposed method is presently inapplicable to monopolar metallic-return operation, and its implementation using directional traveling waves strictly requires high consistency in the dynamic transfer characteristics of the associated voltage and current measurement devices.

Key words： High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) traveling wave fault location fault analysis transition resistance

Received: 24 March 2026

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TM773

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	Chen Meiyun
	Deng Jinlong
	Tong Ning

Cite this article:

Chen Meiyun,Deng Jinlong,Tong Ning. Single-ended Fault Location for HVDC Based on Improved S Transform and a High Time-Domain Resolution Post-Processing Algorithm[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 0, (): 260431-.

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