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| Correlation Characteristics of Metal Particle Movement and Partial Discharge under the AC Voltage Superimposed with Switching Impulse Voltage |
| Wang Yuang, Yan Lin, Wang Haotian, Han Xutao, Li Junhao |
| School of Electrical Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China |
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Abstract In practical engineering applications, gas-insulated metal-enclosed switchgear (GIS) inevitably experiences transient effects from switching impulse voltages. Operation experience in recent years has shown that multiple insulation failures caused by particle defects occur after switching operations. Under AC voltage superimposed with switching impulse voltage, metallic particles in GIS are excited into motion, subsequently triggering partial discharges under the following power-frequency AC voltage, ultimately leading to insulation breakdown or flashover failures. In recent years, researchers worldwide have conducted extensive studies on the partial discharge and motion behavior of metallic particles under various voltage conditions. However, the correlation between the motion process and partial discharge characteristics of metallic particles after excitation under superimposed impulse voltage remains unclear. This study employs a synchronized detection system combining partial discharge measurement and motion capture analysis to investigate and analyze the partial discharge characteristics and synchronized motion correlation of linear metallic particles with different diameters and quantities under power-frequency voltage superimposed with switching impulse voltage.
Firstly, targeting the specific operating condition of AC superimposed with switching impulse, an experimental platform for AC and switching impulse voltage superposition was established. A synchronized detection system integrating partial discharge measurement and motion capture analysis was designed, achieving simultaneous monitoring of both partial discharge characteristics and motion behavior of metallic particles under precisely superimposed switching impulse voltage and AC. The discharge characteristics and motion states of single linear particles with different diameters and multiple linear particles with varying quantities were compared before and after the application of switching impulse voltage, and the experimental results were analyzed. Switching impulse voltage can excite motion and induce partial discharges in either single or multiple linear metallic particles under AC. As the diameter of linear particles increases, the discharge magnitude gradually increases; while as the number of linear particles increases, the discharge repetition rate significantly rises, with the discharge amplitude remaining relatively constant.
During the partial discharge process of linear metallic particles, their motion state and discharge characteristics are closely interrelated. The excitation process of a single linear metallic particle can be divided into two stages. In the first stage, the metallic particle begins to move within 1ms after being excited by the switching impulse voltage, and the amplitude of its “seesaw motion” gradually increases over the following tens of milliseconds. In the second stage, the linear particle lifts off and undergoes vertical spinning motion, becoming completely airborne, while the discharge characteristics exhibit large-amplitude discharge pulses. Moreover, during the second excitation stage of a single linear metallic particle, two partial discharge pulse patterns are observed: the majority occur when the vertically aligned particle contacts the ground electrode during motion, while the minority occur when the particle falls and fails to lift off before contacting the ground electrode.
For multiple linear particles, the “barrel effect” causes a few metallic particles to lift off first within milliseconds. These then collide with other stationary particles hundreds of milliseconds later, triggering collective motion and discharge. Across the two stages—from initial excitation of a few particles to full collective motion—the discharge repetition rate increases from low to high. Once all particles enter the motion state, the discharge repetition rate stabilizes. Joint observation revealed that partial discharge pulses from multiple linear particles under superimposed voltage primarily occur in two modes: contact discharge with the ground electrode and mutual collision discharge. Compared to a single linear particle, switching impulse voltage poses a greater hazard in exciting defects involving multiple particles under AC voltage. It not only directly excites some particles to lift off and discharge but also indirectly excites more and larger metallic particles. This significantly increases the insulation hazard posed by the defect in the equipment.
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Received: 19 June 2025
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2026, Vol. 41 
