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| Fault Detection of Offshore Floating Photovoltaic Power System Considering Wave Motion and Time-Sequence Characteristics |
| Gao Shuang1, Li Chenhao1, Li Zeyu1, Kong Xiangyu1,2, Liu Mengmeng2 |
1. State Key Laboratory of Smart Power Distribution Equipment and System Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China;
2. Marine Energy and Intelligent Construction Research Institute Tianjin University of TechnologyTianjin 300382 China |
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Abstract With the global transition towards decarbonization, photovoltaic (PV) power generation has become a key component in achieving carbon neutrality. Offshore floating photovoltaic systems, in particular, have gained attention due to their land-saving nature and the cooling effect of water, which improves power generation efficiency. However, these systems face significant operational challenges due to the harsh marine environment, including the effects of waves, salt spray, and contamination, which can lead to frequent system faults. This paper proposes a fault diagnosis method for offshore floating PV arrays that integrates wave effects and the temporal characteristics of fault progression. It aims at improving system reliability and efficiency in such dynamic environments.
The study first developed an integrated floating PV array model that incorporates both the dynamic behavior of ocean waves and the electrical characteristics of the PV system. By combining wave motion dynamics with the equivalent electrical circuit model of the floating PV array, a multi-model fusion approach was constructed to simulate the power generation characteristics under both normal and fault conditions. These simulations accounted for a variety of faults that could occur in offshore floating PV systems, such as open-circuit faults, short-circuit faults, contamination, aging, and hotspot issues. For each fault type, the system's performance was evaluated through simulation to identify key fault indicators and characteristic behaviors, focusing on the changes observed in the I-V (current-voltage) curves under different conditions.
A novel fault feature extraction algorithm was introduced, which accounted for the dynamic effects of waves on tilt angles and the temporal characteristics of fault development. The algorithm extracted critical features, including open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, maximum power point voltage, maximum power current, inflection points on the I-V curves, and environmental factors such as irradiance and temperature. These features were used to construct a fault feature vector that captured both instantaneous fault characteristics and the evolving nature of faults over time.
The primary contribution of this work was the development of a fault diagnosis model that combined convolutional neural networks (CNN), bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) networks, and a spatial attention mechanism (SAM). This hybrid model enhanced the ability to capture both local fault features and temporal dependencies, which were crucial for accurately diagnosing faults in the dynamic marine environment. The CNN component extracted local features from the fault data, while the BiLSTM network captured the temporal dynamics of fault progression. The SAM module helped improve the model's focus on critical regions of the input data, further enhancing diagnostic performance.
The proposed model was rigorously tested using simulation data and experimental data obtained from a wave simulation setup. The diagnostic performance of the CNN-BiLSTM-SAM model was compared with other approaches, including BP neural networks, CNN-SAM networks, and SE-TCN (squeeze-and-excitation temporal convolutional networks). The results showed that the CNN-BiLSTM-SAM model significantly outperformed the other methods in fault detection accuracy. Specifically, the proposed model achieved an average improvement of 11.6 percentage points in the F1-score for faults such as contamination and aging, and up to a 50.1 percentage points improvement for hotspot faults, which exhibited significant temporal development.
In addition to simulation validation, the model's robustness was further confirmed through experimental testing in a wave environment. The model maintained high diagnostic accuracy even when subjected to real-world wave dynamics, demonstrating its potential for real-time fault detection in offshore PV systems. The comparison of the confusion matrix and ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves confirmed that the CNN-BiLSTM-SAM model achieved the highest accuracy, with an AUC (area under curve) value of 0.988, indicating superior fault classification performance compared to other models.
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Received: 16 January 2025
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2026, Vol. 41 
