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| Characteristic Analysis of PMSM Rotor Position Measurement and Estimation Methods with Signal Injection |
| Fu Xinghe1, Wang Xinyuan1, Liu Chengjun2 |
1. School of Electrical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing 210096 China;
2. School of Electrical Engineering and Automation Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China |
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Abstract The essence of inductosyn and resolver technology is a “generator” based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. It can be viewed as a rotor position measurement method based on the injection of high-frequency signals. The high-frequency signal injection method in rotor position estimation is also excited by a high-frequency signal. However, the literature mainly focuses on the internal comparison of measurement or estimation methods. The specific structural differences, algorithm correlation, and parameter sensitivity of the two methods require further study.
The position measurement or estimation method is interpreted from the perspective of system identification. It can be summarized as two steps: applying excitation to the physical carrier and generating an output response, and processing the output response to obtain state information. Under the premise of high-frequency signal injection, PMSM rotor position acquisition methods can be divided into two categories: direct measurement methods based on inductosyn or resolver, and indirect estimation methods based on the motor. The physical carrier of the rotor position acquisition method based on high-frequency signal injection is simplified from the initial “sensor + motor” combination to a single-motor process, where the motor serves as the detection element and the driving motor.
The physical carrier characteristics of the two methods are compared, and the equivalent circuit diagrams of the physical carriers are given. Although the rotor position estimation method does not need additional position detection elements, it is comparable to transferring the problem to the system control level. The position solution method in rotor position acquisition is divided into open-loop and closed-loop position solutions. The closed-loop position solution method, represented by the phase-locked loop, is emphatically analyzed. The unified negative feedback block diagram of rotor position identification under closed-loop negative feedback and the negative feedback interpretation are summarized and established. Compared with the measurement method, the PMSM estimation method has a greater impact on model simplification and the signal processing process. Finally, the comprehensive characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of the measurement and estimation methods are compared, and the key technology prospects are given.
The following conclusions are drawn. (1) The core idea of the rotor position estimation method is the same as the position measurement principle of inductosyn or resolver. (2) The solution method of the PMSM rotor position mainly adopts the phase-locked loop structure. The purpose is to ensure that the position deviation signal approaches zero, so that the solution method exhibits unity characteristics. (3) The PMSM rotor position information is hidden in the amplitude or phase of the constructed sine and cosine functions. The purpose of information processing is to extract the position signal from the amplitude or phase. (4) The error of the PMSM rotor position measurement method mainly comes from the process of sensor manufacturing and installation, and the influence of the solution method is minor. The processes of model simplification, excitation injection, and signal demodulation primarily influence the error of the estimation method.
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Received: 03 February 2025
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2026, Vol. 41 
