基于耦合电感协同控制的高带宽包络线跟踪电源设计

doi:10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.242020

Abstract
Figure/Table
References
Related Citation (15)

Download: PDF (5712 KB) HTML (1 KB)
Export: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)

Abstract To improve spectrum utilization efficiency, 5G systems widely employ high-order modulation and transmission technologies such as QAM and OFDM for radio frequency (RF) signals, resulting in signals with high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). The mainstream envelope tracking (ET) power supplies employ the switch-linear hybrid (SLH) architecture, combining linear amplifiers and switching converters (SCs) in series, parallel, or series-parallel configurations to enhance the efficiency of RF power amplifiers. The power spectral density (PSD) of RF signals is primarily concentrated in mid-to-low frequency bands. High-efficiency switching converters are utilized to track and supply most power components. At the same time, linear amplifiers compensate for high-frequency components that switching converters cannot track, enabling the system to achieve both high efficiency and excellent linearity. However, the wide slew rate distribution of high PAPR RF signals requires constructing multiple SC circuits with different inductance values in SLH ET power supplies to respond to varying voltage slew rate (SR) signals. As a single inductance value only covers a narrow SR range, discrete inductors need to be built to achieve the exact amounts of the corresponding SCs. Therefore, traditional discrete inductor-based designs significantly increase system complexity.
This paper proposes a coupled-inductor cooperative control strategy to reduce the number of discrete inductors and enhance fitting accuracy by optimizing inductance configuration. According to divided slew rate intervals, winding quantities and their turn numbers can be designed to get the required inductance values on a single magnetic core. Based on the coupled inductor, the mutual inductance effect during parallel operation generates amore reasonable equivalent inductance distribution. Thus, the coupled inductor can track both low SR envelope signals and high SR transient signals through parallel-connected inductors, further improving tracking accuracy. The operating ranges of SR in coupled inductors significantly impact ETPS efficiency: (1) Inductor L₁ with a relatively large value covers 40% probability of SR signals; (2) L₂ with approximately half of value handles 45% probability of SR signals; (3) The remaining 15% extreme SR signals are addressed by parallel equivalent inductance L_eq. Optimized fitting accuracy and efficiency are achieved by adjusting inductance coverage ranges.
Unlike SC configurations with discrete inductors, the ETPS based on coupled inductors exhibits richer operational modes due to the mutual induction voltages between windings. The mutual induction voltages accelerate the establishment of the output voltage during circuit turn-on and enable rapid energy recovery during turn-off, significantly enhancing tracking efficiency. Taking a dual-winding coupled inductor (L₁ and L₂) as an example: L₁ is a large inductor and L₂ a smaller one, with winding turns N₁ and N₂, respectively. When switch controlling L₁ is turned on, the coupling between L₁ and L₂ induces an opposing electromotive force (EMF) across L₂. Since L₁ and L₂ simultaneously supply power to the load during this phase, the envelope signal tracking is accelerated, reducing the output current demand on the linear amplifier. During the turn-off of the switch controlling L₂, the coupling effect generates a reverse EMF across L₁. As a result, the energy stored in the inductors rapidly feeds back to the power supply rather than being dissipated through the linear amplifier, thereby improving tracking efficiency.
A prototype ETPS was developed and tested with 64-QAM OFDM signals under the IEEE 802.11a standard, featuring a 10.07 dB PAPR, a 20 MHz bandwidth, and a 57 W peak power. Compared with discrete inductor solutions, the coupled-inductor ETPS improves efficiency from 73.86% to 80.83%.

Key words： Envelope tracking power supply switching converter coupled inductor power supply efficiency

Received: 08 November 2024

PACS:

TM552

	Service

	E-mail this article
	Add to my bookshelf
	Add to citation manager
	E-mail Alert
	RSS
	Articles by authors
	Zhou Yan
	Li Miao
	Shen Tianming
	Yang Zongzheng

Cite this article:

Zhou Yan,Li Miao,Shen Tianming等. Design of High Bandwidth Envelope Tracking Power Supply Based on Coupled Inductors Collaborative Control[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2025, 40(24): 8015-8024.

URL:

https://dgjsxb.ces-transaction.com/EN/10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.242020 OR https://dgjsxb.ces-transaction.com/EN/Y2025/V40/I24/8015

[1] Gilabert P L, Montoro G, Vegas D, et al.Digital predistorters go multidimensional: DPD for con- current multiband envelope tracking and outphasing power amplifiers[J]. IEEE Microwave Magazine, 2019, 20(5): 50-61.
[2] Kim J, Son J, Jee S, et al.Optimization of envelope tracking power amplifier for base-station appli- cations[J]. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2013, 61(4): 1620-1627.
[3] Doherty W H.A new high efficiency power amplifier for modulated waves[J]. Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, 1936, 24(9): 1163-1182.
[4] Saurabh K, Singh S.Architectures for efficiency enhancement in power amplifiers[J]. Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India): Series B, 2024, 105(2): 385-396.
[5] Kahn L R.Single-sideband transmission by envelope elimination and restoration[J]. Proceedings of the IRE, 1952, 40(7): 803-806.
[6] Varlamov O, Nguyen D C, Grebennikov A.Broad- band and efficient envelope amplifier for envelope elimination and restoration/envelope tracking higher- efficiency power amplifiers[J]. Sensors, 2022, 22(23): 9173.
[7] 阮新波, 金茜. 包络线跟踪电源技术综述[J]. 电工技术学报, 2017, 32(4): 1-11.
Ruan Xinbo, Jin Qian.A review of envelope tracking power supply[J]. Transactions of China Electro- technical Society, 2017, 32(4): 1-11.
[8] Babu A, Shivaleelavathi B G, Yatnalli V.A com- prehensive review on supply modulators and control strategies for envelope tracking RF power amplifiers in mobile communication[J]. IETE Journal of Research, 2023, 69(5): 2337-2349.
[9] Liu Ning, RuanXinbo, Li Qi. A triangular-wave current control for parallel-form switch-linear hybrid envelope tracking power supply to achieve high efficiency[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Elec- tronics, 2024, 39(7): 8417-8424.
[10] Miaja P F, Rodriguez M, Rodriguez A, et al.A linear assisted DC/DC converter for envelope tracking and envelope elimination and restoration applications[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2012, 27(7): 3302-3309.
[11] Gonzalez M C, Vasic M, Alou P, et al.Transformer- coupled converter for voltage modulation tech- niques[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2013, 28(5): 2330-2342.
[12] Lin Yuchen, Chen Y E.A CMOS envelope tracking supply converter for RF power amplifiers of 5G NR mobile terminals[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2021, 36(6): 6814-6823.
[13] Jin Qian, RuanXinbo, Ren Xiaoyong, et al. Series- parallel-form switch-linear hybrid envelope-tracking power supply to achieve high efficiency[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2017, 64(1): 244-252.
[14] 邵侠鸿, 李鋆辉, 周岩, 等. 包络线跟踪电源多电感选择开关电路设计[J]. 电力电子技术, 2024, 58(6): 46-49.
Shao Xiahong, Li Junhui, Zhou Yan, et al.multi- inductor selective switching circuit design for envelope tracking power supply[J]. Power Electronics, 2024, 58(6): 46-49.
[15] 程翔鹏, 刘进军, 邵钰, 等. 峰值电流控制Buck变换器高频建模及结合遗传算法的控制器优化设计[J]. 电工技术学报, 2024, 39(1): 217-232.
Cheng Xiangpeng, Liu Jinjun, Shao Yu, et al.High-frequency modeling for peak current-model Buck converters and optimal controller design by combining genetic algorithm[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2024, 39(1): 217-232.
[16] 王哲, 李驰, 郑泽东, 等. 一种基于耦合电感的高增益软开关谐振变换器[J]. 电工技术学报, 2024, 39(1): 194-205.
Wang Zhe, Li Chi, Zheng Zedong, et al.A high step- up ZVS/ZCS resonant converter based on coupled inductor[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2024, 39(1): 194-205.
[17] 李洪珠, 程利弘, 魏昕, 等. 耦合电感倍压解耦磁集成高电压增益变换器[J]. 电工技术学报, 2023, 38(6): 1584-1595.
Li Hongzhu, Cheng Lihong, Wei Xin, et al.Coupled inductance voltage doubling decoupling magnetic integrated high voltage gain converter[J]. Transa- ctions of China Electro-technical Society, 2023, 38(6): 1584-1595.
[18] 房绪鹏, 郭玉洁, 孟祥瑞, 等. 开关钳位型高增益耦合电感DC-DC变换器[J/OL]. 电源学报, 1-14. [2025-03-11]. https://link.cnki.net/urlid/12.1420.TM.20240925.1708.004.
Fang Xupeng, Guo Yujie, Meng Xiangrui, et al. Switch clamped high gain coupled inductor DC-DC converter[J/OL]. Journal of Power Supply, 1-14. [2025-03-11]. https://link.cnki.net/urlid/12.1420.TM.20240925.1708.004.
[19] 潘勇. 混合类包络跟踪电源调制技术研究[D]. 成都: 电子科技大学, 2019.
Pan Yong.The research of hybrid envelope tracking power modulation technology[D]. Chengdu: University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2019.
[20] 高圣伟, 李永宵, 田金锐, 等. 双频DC-DC变换器的磁集成技术[J]. 电工技术学报, 2024, 39(13): 4025-4036.
Gao Shengwei, Li Yongxiao, Tian Jinrui, et al.Magnetic integration of double frequency DC-DC converter[J]. Trans-actions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2024, 39(13): 4025-4036.
[21] 刘万强, 王艳萍. 含耦合电感电路的分析[J]. 电子技术与软件工程, 2016(14): 126-127.
Liu Wanqing, Wang Yangping.Analysis of circuits with coupled inductors[J]. Electronic Technology & Software Engineering, 2016(14): 126-127.
[22] 刘浩然, 陈武, 黄垂兵, 等. 一种能量回馈型脉冲电流消磁电源及其控制方法[J]. 电工技术学报, 2024, 39(19): 5969-5977.
Liu Haoran, Chen Wu, Huang Chuibing, et al.An energy feedback pulse current degaussing power supply and control method[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2024, 39(19): 5969-5977.