无线电能传输的智慧化演进

doi:10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.251703

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Abstract The global energy transition toward sustainability, coupled with the digital revolution toward the internet of everything, has necessitated the evolution of power systems into more intelligent and flexible infrastructures. Wireless power transfer (WPT), as a key enabling technology, has achieved widespread success in consumer electronics and static electric vehicle charging through efficient, unidirectional power flow. However, conventional WPT systems (WPT 1.0) are limited by a lack of requisite sensing, interaction, and adaptation capabilities, rendering them insufficient for complex, dynamic applications in emerging domains such as intelligent transportation and the low-altitude economy. To bridge this gap, this paper proposes the concept of intelligent and interactive wireless power transfer (I²WPT), representing a paradigm shift from a “power-centric” to an “interaction-centric” approach. I²WPT redefines the system from a simple energy supply tool into an intelligent cyber-physical system that unifies sensing, communication, computation, and control, enabling a systematic evolution from predetermined, open-loop operation to adaptive, closed-loop control.
The transition to the I²WPT paradigm involved addressing a series of scientific and engineering challenges, including robustness under spatial misalignments, lifecycle cost control for integrated hardware, and data security in edge computing. Accordingly, a structured, three-stage development roadmap is proposed to guide the realization of I²WPT. The initial stage focused on building a robust physical foundation by integrating multi-modal sensors and high-performance edge computing modules, enabling high-fidelity environmental and operational awareness. The second stage leverages this perceptual data to construct a high-fidelity digital twin of the system, which allowed for real-time online monitoring, parameter identification, and predictive diagnostics. The final stage establishes a unified communication and control framework, where system-wide, AI-driven algorithms perform adaptive optimization and coordinated scheduling, completing the full “sense-cognize-decide-act” loop.
Based on this framework, five core characteristics of the I²WPT system are identified: adaptive power regulation, multi-device collaborative management, bi-directional energy-information interaction, data-driven predictive optimization, and full-cycle safety assurance. Further systematic analysis and technical deductions indicate that the I²WPT system is designed to achieve a power transmission efficiency of ≥95% in static scenarios and maintain ≥90% in dynamic working environments. By adjusting the inverter frequency and duty cycle through the closed-loop control mechanism, the system response time to load variations and device position offsets can be reduced to less than 200 ms. Furthermore, under complex electromagnetic environments, the signal packet loss rate is projected to remain at ≤0.01%, aligning with 5G and 6G communication standards. These metrics theoretically validate the capability of the system to maintain stable output characteristics despite external disturbances such as foreign object intrusion or coupling fluctuations.
The implementation of I²WPT unlocks strategic application prospects across multiple domains. In future mobility, I²WPT enables dynamic charging and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) interaction, turning electric vehicle fleets into manageable, distributed energy resources. In the low-altitude economy, it creates autonomous energy replenishment networks that integrate power and high-bandwidth data transfer for drone swarms. For smart healthcare, it serves as a wireless “life-data bus”, safely powering advanced implantable devices while transmitting critical physiological data. In extreme environments such as deep-sea and space exploration, I²WPT nodes function as an “energy oasis” to support long-duration unmanned missions. Ultimately, I²WPT emerges as a key enabling technology for the future energy internet, providing a theoretical foundation and practical guide for the convergence of energy and information systems, thereby supporting the development of a sustainable and intelligent society.

Key words： Intelligent and interactive wireless power transfer (I²WPT) cyber-physical system energy and information fusion perception and control

Received: 09 October 2025

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	Yang Qingxin
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Yang Qingxin,Wang Fengxian,Zhang Xian等. Intelligent Evolution of Wireless Power Transfer[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2026, 41(9): 2879-2889.

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