考虑逆变器资源参与的惯量及一次调频市场定价机制研究

doi:10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.241777

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Abstract The widespread integration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) has made system rotational inertia and primary frequency response (PFR) capacity increasingly scarce, making it difficult for traditional methods relying on synchronous machines to fully ensure the frequency stability of the power system. IBRs, through additional frequency regulation controls, possess inertia and fast frequency response capabilities. Power system operators have recognized the need to incentivize multiple frequency regulation resources to provide inertia and primary frequency response (IPFR) services through market-based mechanisms. However, there is currently no market incentive mechanism in China to encourage IBRs to provide these services. In response, this paper introduces IPFR services into the existing ancillary services market and enables effective coordination with the energy market.
First, a joint energy and IPFR market framework is proposed. Next, a frequency regulation model covering synchronous units, grid-forming (GFM) units, and grid-following (GFL) units is established, characterizing the system's frequency dynamic characteristics. Furthermore, a joint market clearing model is developed, and a reasonable pricing and clearing mechanism is formulated. This pricing mechanism determines the corresponding value compensation based on the frequency regulation capability of various resource types. Finally, the joint market clearing process is described in detail.
Case studies are conducted using the modified PJM-5 and IEEE 118 node systems, and simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed IPFR market pricing mechanism. Compared to participating solely in the energy market, thermal power generators and renewable energy generators with GFM and GFL controls see an increase in their revenue in the energy-IPFR joint market by 79.69%, 24.95%, and 27.39%, respectively. The clearing prices of the energy market and the IPFR market are consistent in trend, reflecting the supply-demand relationship in the market at each time period. Specifically, during peak load periods, the energy market demand increases significantly, causing the clearing price to rise to its peak level. Meanwhile, if there is a load disturbance during this period, the system's demand for inertia and primary frequency response capacity also increases significantly. Accordingly, the market prices for inertia and primary frequency response coefficients also rise. Overall, the IPFR market clearing price trend is positively correlated with frequency stability risks.
The following conclusions can be drawn from the case analysis: (1) This paper proposes a new energy-IPFR joint market framework, which allows various types of generators, including traditional thermal power plants and renewable energy generators with GFM and GFL controls, to participate. (2) A differentiated IPFR market pricing mechanism is designed for different generators. The proposed pricing mechanism reasonably assesses the market value of inertia and primary frequency response coefficients based on the contribution of synchronous units and inverter-based units to frequency stability. (3) The market framework proposed in this paper is scalable and has strong applicability under larger-scale market conditions.

Key words： Energy and inertia and primary frequency reponse (IPFR) joint market market pricing mechanism frequency stability grid forming (GFM) and grid following (GFL) control

Received: 11 October 2024

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	Xu Chenyu
	Zhao Dongmei
	Lu Qiuyang
	Feng Xiangyang

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Xu Chenyu,Zhao Dongmei,Lu Qiuyang等. Research on the Pricing Mechanism for Inertia and Primary Frequency Regulation in Markets Considering the Participation of Inverter-Based Resources[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2025, 40(21): 7029-7045.

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https://dgjsxb.ces-transaction.com/EN/10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.241777 OR https://dgjsxb.ces-transaction.com/EN/Y2025/V40/I21/7029

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