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| Broadband Integrated Optical Waveguide Electric Field Sensor for High-Power Transient Electromagnetic Pulse Measurement |
| Hai Xiaoran1, Zhang Xianrui1, Li Xianli1, Zhou Jinzhu1, Li Jingxiu2 |
1. State Key Laboratory of Electromechanical Integrated Manufacturing of High-Performance Electronic Equipments Xidian University Xi'an 710071 China;
2. Beijing Tongwei Technology Company Limited Beijing 101100 China |
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Abstract Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) in the form of electromagnetic waves can be coupled into electronic information systems, command and control systems, communication networks, etc., through an antenna, cable, and other coupling ways. They can burn electronic devices or integrated circuits, or cause permanent damage to their semiconductor insulation. Therefore, accurate measurement of time-domain information of high-power transient electromagnetic pulses is crucial for EMP protection. However, the high-power transient electromagnetic pulse is difficult to measure due to its high peak field strength, broad frequency range, and short duration, which make it challenging for conventional measurement equipment to capture and record its instantaneous changes. Integrated optical waveguide pulse electric field sensors hold broad applications in EMP measurement. This is due to their numerous advantages, such as small size, wide frequency band, and large dynamic measurement range.
In this paper, a broadband integrated optical waveguide electric field sensor based on electro-optical modulation was developed to measure high-power transient electromagnetic pulse signals with different frequency characteristics. The frequency-domain performance of the sensor, as well as its time-domain measurement capability for high-power electromagnetic pulse signals with different frequency characteristics, were verified through simulations and experiments.
Firstly, the frequency characteristics of the sensor were simulated using CST MICROWAVE STUDIO software. When the electromagnetic wave frequency varied from 1 GHz to 7 GHz, the electric field strength between the electrodes fluctuated within a 3 dB range, and the theoretical bandwidth of the sensor was approximately 7 GHz. Experiments on the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the sensor were carried out in both the TEM cell and the microwave anechoic chamber. The antenna factor of the sensor within the 10 GHz frequency range varied between 125 dB/m and 135 dB/m, and the output power of the sensor showed a nearly linear relationship with the electric field strength at the same frequency, with a linear correlation coefficient greater than 0.999.
Secondly, four types of time-domain high-power transient electromagnetic pulse signal testing systems with different frequency were established to characterize the proposed sensor. These electromagnetic fields included microsecond-level lightning strikes, sub-microsecond square-wave pulses, nanosecond Gaussian pulses, and nuclear electromagnetic pulses. The relative error of time measurement is less than 5% for square wave electromagnetic pulse with 200 ns width, Gaussian electromagnetic pulse with rise time and pulse width of 0.57 ns and 0.98 ns respectively, and nuclear electromagnetic pulse with rise time and pulse width of 3 ns and 25.64 ns respectively. In the range of electric field strength from 10 kV/m to 100 kV/m, the linear correlation coefficients of the input-output characteristic curves of the sensor for different frequency electromagnetic pulse signals are greater than 0.99.
The results demonstrate that the sensor not only accurately measures the time-domain waveform of high-power transient electromagnetic pulses with varying frequency characteristics, but also withstands the impact of electric fields at the kV/m level. The proposed broadband integrated optical waveguide electric field sensor demonstrates the capability to measure high-power electromagnetic pulse signals and can be applied in electromagnetic pulse protection, including lightning surge monitoring and ultra-fast transient waveform monitoring.
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Received: 26 September 2024
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2025, Vol. 40 
