Detection Method of Overdischarge-Induced Internal Short Circuit in Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Zhang Chuang1,2, Wang Zeshan1,2, Liu Suzhen1,2, Jin Liang1,2, Yang Qingxin1,2
1. State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 China; 2. Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 China
Abstract Internal short circuit (ISC) in lithium-ion batteries is the main cause of thermal runaway, timely and accurate detection of internal short circuit is of great importance in ensuring personal and property safety. ISC of batteries, especially the one caused by over-discharge, produces insignificant heat and small voltage changes, making it difficult to be detected through conventional observation of electrical and thermal characteristics. As ISC evolves and deepens, the battery's internal structure gradually changes, and these subtle changes can be reflected in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), which is a good characterization technique for batteries. However, the current methods for detecting ISC induced by over-discharge based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy do not consider the strict measurement conditions of electrochemical impedance, and changes in temperature and state of charge (SOC) in actual battery applications can affect the accuracy of detection. Therefore, this paper proposes an EIS-based detection method for ISC induced by over-discharge of lithium-ion batteries which is not affected by temperature (25~45℃) and SOC and can accurately detect internal short circuit induced by the overdischarge of the battery. Firstly, electrochemical impedance spectroscopies of the experimental batteries were measured, and an equivalent circuit model was established based on the characteristics of measured electrochemical impedance spectroscopies. Secondly, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopies of lithium-ion batteries were measured at different temperatures, different SOC and different degrees of ISC, the relevant fitting parameters were obtained by fitting the electrochemical impedance with the equivalent circuit model. Parameters that were sensitive to the degrees of ISC but not affected by battery temperature and SOC were selected as characteristic parameters. Finally, the detection method was designed based on the characteristic parameters, and the validation experiment is completed. The results of experiments show that the Ohmic resistance (Ro) meets the requirements of characteristic parameter: it remains basically unchanged within the temperature range of 25~45℃ and SOC range of 0% to 100%, with a numerical variation of less than 0.001 Ω, its numerical value also increases significantly with the deepening of the internal short circuit. In the electrochemical impedance spectroscopies of the batteries used in this paper, the real part of the impedance at 1 000 Hz and the Ohmic resistance have approximately equal values and the same variation trend. For the convenience of detection, the real part of the impedance at 1 000 Hz is selected as the characteristic parameter instead of the Ohmic resistance, and the trend of the characteristic parameter in five battery cycles is used to determine whether the battery has internal short circuit. Through experimental verification, it was found that the real part of impedance at 1 000 Hz of the normal battery is relatively stable in five battery cycles, with fluctuations of no more than 0.001 Ω, presenting a basically unchanged trend. However, the real part of impedance at 1 000 Hz which belongs to the internal short circuit battery increased by more than 0.01 Ω in five battery cycles, it shows an increasing trend, and there is a clear distinction from normal batteries, which proves the effectiveness of the method described in this paper.
Zhang Chuang,Wang Zeshan,Liu Suzhen等. Detection Method of Overdischarge-Induced Internal Short Circuit in Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2023, 38(23): 6279-6291.
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