Spatial-Temporal Evolution Process and Characteristics of Thunderstorm Activity Based on Combinatorial Eight-Connectivity Tracking Algorithm
Huang Yijun1,2, Fan Yadong1,2, Wang Hongbin3, Cai Li1,2, Wang Jianguo1,2
1. Engineering Research Center of Lightning Protection & Grounding Technology Ministry of Education Wuhan 430072 China; 2. School of Electrical Engineering and Automation Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China; 3. Guangzhou Electric Power Supply Bureau Guangzhou 510013 China
Abstract Lightning is the main cause of damages to power systems. The planning of power system transmission corridors and line lightning protection are mainly based on the lightning density and the distribution of lightning days. Measures such as reducing the grounding resistance of towers and installing lightning arresters are taken to improve the insulation level of transmission lines. The traditional lightning density and the number of thunderstorm days are not able to present the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of thunderstorm activities. Monitoring the movement of lightning activity can provide track and warning information for lightning protection of equipment. This paper presents a combinatorial eight-connectivity tracking method and evaluation indexes based on total lightning data, which is applied to analyze the temporal and spatial evolution of lightning activities in Guangzhou. The tracking method based on total lightning data is divided into two steps: cluster identification and cluster tracking. At the step of identification, the grid method is used to pre-process the total lightning events and the lightning region (112°E~115°E, 22°N~25°N) is gridded into 0.01°×0.01° grid boxes (longitude×latitude). Total lightning events are distributed into grid cells according to their geographical coordinates to form a total lightning density map in a single time interval. First, the electrically active region is identified by the 8-connectivity method and form primary lightning clusters. According to the size of the transmission line span, primary lightning clusters are merged into final lightning clusters within the distance of two grid cells. At the step of tracking, the algorithm takes influencing factors into account to match clusters between two successive time intervals, including history velocity, lightning cluster area and split-merge processes. In addition, the evaluation indexes contain the skill scores of the probability of detection (POD), false alarm ratio (FAR), and critical success index (CSI) from the contingency table approach, the track characteristics of track duration, track linearity, track continuity and track complexity to quantitatively evaluate the performance of tracking method. The tracking method and evaluation are used to analyze the nine thunderstorms and case 1 are presented as an example. The case 1 has 313 tracks longer than 18 min, and tracks move in the northeast direction, with a mean speed of 51.4 km/h and a median speed of 43.0 km/h. The centroid of lightning clusters and temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of each track are counted. The evaluation indexes of POD, FAR and CSI are 63.3%, 41.4% and 43.8%, respectively, while the median track duration, mean jitter of track, incoherence and average number of splits and merges are 24 min, 2.85 km, 0.034 1 s-1 and 2.43, respectively. The following conclusions can be drawn from the nine thunderstorms based on the combinatorial eight-connectivity tracking method and evaluation indexes: (1) A total of 10,894 lightning clusters were identified in the nine lightning activities, with a median area of 22 km2. It is found that 1 490 lightning cluster tracks are longer than 18 min, of which simple tracks and complex tracks (involving split-ting or merging) account for half, respectively. (2) Six lightning activities move in the northeast direction, the rest move northwest, with a mean speed of 51.4 km/h and a median speed of 43.0 km/h. Simple tracks move slower than complex tracks. (3) POD, FAR and CSI are 65.6%, 39.2%, 46.4%, respectively, while the median track duration, mean jitter of track, incoherence and average number of splits and merges are 24 min, 2.80 km, 0.032 7 s-1 and 2.51, respectively. This algorithm can describe the temporal and spatial evolution of lightning activity and indexes are able to evaluate the tracking results, which provides an effective method for predicting thunderstorm movement and lightning warning of transmission lines.
Huang Yijun,Fan Yadong,Wang Hongbin等. Spatial-Temporal Evolution Process and Characteristics of Thunderstorm Activity Based on Combinatorial Eight-Connectivity Tracking Algorithm[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2024, 39(5): 1536-1547.
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2024, Vol. 39 
