滑动电接触梯度电枢材料熔化磨损特性仿真研究

doi:10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.231406

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摘要

该文提出一种利用梯度功能材料电枢提高电枢表面熔点、降低电枢熔化磨损率,从而延长电磁轨道发射器中轨道使用寿命的方法,并通过多物理场耦合仿真选择合适的电枢梯度功能材料,研究梯度功能材料电枢的熔化磨损特性。在COMSOL Multiphysics仿真软件中采用“平板式”分层的梯度功能材料模型,将各层复合材料的物理性能表示为关于功能体材料体积分数的函数,模拟在电流流经结构体电阻以及电枢-轨道表面接触电阻产生的焦耳热影响下,电枢于初始阶段的熔化情况。结果表明,铬更适合作为功能体材料加入铝基体形成梯度功能材料电枢,铌、钼次之,而铜功能体梯度功能材料电枢的抗熔化磨损能力较弱。仿真实验将应用于梯度功能材料电枢的制作和试验,仿真结果对梯度功能材料电枢试验具有一定的指导意义。

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关键词 ：电磁性能电磁轨道炮, 梯度功能材料电枢, 熔化磨损, 仿真分析

Abstract：

The electromagnetic railgun is a novel kinetic energy weapon concept that utilizes controllable and precise electromagnetic forces generated by electromagnetic devices to propel the armature and ammunition in a linear trajectory. In comparison to traditional powder launch systems, electromagnetic railguns must endure high currents and substantial contact pressures during the launch process. Due to the initially low movement speed of the armature, the Joule heat primarily causes surface melting and wear. This leads to a concentrated deposition of the metal liquefaction layer on the track surface, resulting in significant deterioration of the electrical contact with the guide rail in this section. These demanding working conditions impose stringent requirements on the electromagnetic railgun materials, necessitating high-temperature resistance, high yield strength, and high hardness. Typically, the contact surface between the solid armature and the launch track is prone to melting and wear due to the combined effects of Joule heat and frictional heat. Subsequently, the metal liquefaction layer cools and deposits onto the track surface. After repeated launches, the thickness of the deposited layer on the track surface increases or even detaches, leading to reduced track surface smoothness, alterations in track spacing, and interior contamination. Consequently, the service life and launch controllability of the electromagnetic railgun are compromised.
Gradient materials exhibit continuously changing physical properties along the thickness direction. This characteristic enables them to harness the benefits of various materials while avoiding the risk of cracking and fracturing under high temperature and pressure conditions. This article proposes a method for enhancing the armatures' surface melting point, reducing their melting wear rate, and extending the rails' service life in electromagnetic orbit launchers through the use of gradient material armatures. By employing multi-physical field coupling simulation, suitable gradient material armatures were identified to investigate their melting wear characteristics. Initially, a "flat plate" layered gradient material model was adopted. The mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of each composite material layer were expressed as functions of the volume fraction of the functional material, using a volume fraction exponential expression. Subsequently, utilizing Comsol Multiphysics, the simulation considered the armature's melting during the initial stage, influenced by Joule heat generated by current flow resistance and contact resistance between the armature and rail surface.
Results indicate that chromium is the most suitable functional material for forming gradient material armatures when combined with an aluminum matrix. It is followed by niobium and molybdenum. On the other hand, copper-based functional gradient material armatures exhibit weaker resistance to melting wear. In the case of armatures composed solely of functional materials, molybdenum and copper-coated armatures demonstrate stronger resistance to melting wear, followed by chromium-coated armatures. Niobium-coated armatures display the weakest resistance to melting wear. The simulation experiment will be applied to the production and testing of gradient material armatures. The simulation outcomes hold significant guiding implications for gradient material armature testing.

Key words： electromagnetic railgun gradient material armature melting wear simulation analysis

收稿日期: 2023-08-28

PACS:

TJ866

基金资助:

国家自然科学基金重点资助项目（92266301）

通讯作者: 陈立学男,1984年生,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为脉冲功率、电磁发射、滑动电接触、开关电器。E-mail：chenlixue@hust.edu.cn

作者简介: 邹昕阳女,2000年生,硕士研究生,研究方向为电磁发射、开关电器。E-mail：zxydyx@hust.edu.cn

引用本文:

邹昕阳, 陈立学, 王增基, 许璇, 张智榣. 滑动电接触梯度电枢材料熔化磨损特性仿真研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 0, (): 231406-231406. Zou Xinyang, Chen Lixue, Wang Zengji, Xu Xuan, Zhang Zhiyao. Study on Melting and Wear Characteristics of Sliding Electric Contact Gradient Armature. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 0, (): 231406-231406.

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