新能源并网系统频率耦合效应及建模方法研究综述

doi:10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.260194

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摘要

风电等新能源高比例并网,加深了新能源并网系统的电力电子化趋势。近年来多数新能源并网系统事故均观测到一对关于2倍工频互补的振荡分量,该特性被称为频率耦合效应,研究频率耦合问题已经成为学界焦点之一。本文首先梳理了近25年来频率耦合问题从被发现、问题提出到深入探索的历史脉络;其次,总结了频率耦合效应的定义,列举了学界的研究现状,并整理了频率耦合效应产生的原因;再次,梳理了计及频率耦合的序阻抗模型以及频率耦合阻抗模型的研究工作;然后,分析了关于频率耦合阻抗模型适用性的受争议讨论,并提出了一些见解;最后,从频率耦合效应、频率耦合阻抗建模、以及工程验证三方面,给出其展望。

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关键词 ：新能源并网系统, 频率耦合效应, 序阻抗模型, 频率耦合阻抗模型

Abstract：

The large-scale integration of wind power has fundamentally altered the dynamic characteristics of conventional power systems. Traditional systems are governed mainly by the electromechanical inertia of synchronous machines and exhibit clear linear time-invariant (LTI) behavior. Renewable energy grid-connected systems, represented by wind turbines, interface with the grid through numerous power electronic converters. The control structures are more complex, respond faster, and lack physical inertia, making the nonlinear and time-varying nature of systems increasingly prominent. These new characteristics bring novel stability risks, and broadband oscillations driven by power electronic equipment have become a significant threat to secure grid operation.
In recent years, the frequency characteristics of fault recorder data in power systems have often exhibited significant commonalities. The literature indicates that multiple sets of broadband oscillation events with interrelated frequencies have been observed in the Xinjiang-Hami, Hebei-Guyuan, and Yunnan grids, among others, including paired components at 19.4 Hz and 80.6 Hz, 8.4 Hz and 91.6 Hz, and 2.6 Hz and 97.4 Hz. The phenomenon in which frequency components, particularly two frequencies summing to 100 Hz, appear in pairs is termed the Frequency Coupling Effect, and the corresponding components are referred to as Coupling Frequency Components. Some in the power electronics community also classify such responses as Mirror Harmonic Response Components.
The mechanisms behind the frequency coupling effect are multifaceted. This review identifies that existing research has concentrated on three main aspects. The first is analysis of the causes of the frequency coupling effect. The second is extension of existing impedance analysis methods to accommodate frequency coupling phenomena. The third is development of dedicated frequency-coupled impedance models. These studies have considerably improved the understanding of the dynamics of renewable energy grid-connected systems.
However, with the in-depth study of frequency coupling, there have been some noteworthy discussions in the academic community. These discussions mainly focus on whether the newly developed frequency coupling impedance analysis method has misconceptions about its own characteristics, or whether the method carries potential applicability risks.
This paper provides a comprehensive review of the frequency coupling problem in renewable energy grid-connected systems over the past 25 years, from being discovered, being raised as a separate topic, and being explored in depth. The definition and characteristics of the frequency coupling effect are summarized, and the research landscape is catalogued. The causes of frequency coupling are discussed, with attention to both control asymmetries and the time-varying nature inherent in the Park transformation. The paper then reviews two principal modeling approaches, which are sequence impedance models that account for frequency coupling and dedicated frequency coupling impedance models, and the two approaches are compared systematically across several dimensions, such as model structure, treatment of coupling terms, computational complexity, appropriate use cases, and engineering practicality. The debate over the applicability and limitations of frequency coupling impedance models is analyzed, and perspectives on resolving these controversies are offered. Future research directions are proposed in three areas, including deeper mechanistic understanding, refinement and simplification of impedance modeling techniques, and the development of engineering validation frameworks.
Overall, this review has examined the frequency coupling effect and its modeling method. The review suggests that both academic research and engineering practice should adopt a positive yet cautious attitude toward the use of frequency coupling impedance models. On one hand, these models have repeatedly been shown to resolve broadband oscillation problems in practical cases. On the other hand, the underlying nature of such models still requires further study. Frequency coupling clearly remains a topic with considerable room for further exploration and lasting research significance.

Key words： Renewable Energy Grid-Connected System Frequency coupling effect Sequence impedance model Frequency coupling impedance model

收稿日期: 2026-02-22

PACS:

TM712

基金资助:

智能电网重大专项（2030）资助（2024ZD0801100）

通讯作者: 薛安成男,1979年生,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为为数据和模型驱动的新型电力系统稳定性分析及安全防御、二次设备评估等。E-mail：acxue@ncepu.edu.cn

作者简介: 汪云涛男,1997年生,博士研究生,研究方向为新型电力系统复杂振荡分析控制等。E-mail：ytluk@qq.com

引用本文:

汪云涛, 薛安成, 张哲, 王惠铨. 新能源并网系统频率耦合效应及建模方法研究综述[J]. 电工技术学报, 0, (): 194-. Wang Yuntao, Xue Ancheng, Zhang Zhe, Wang Huiquan. A Review on the Study of Frequency Coupling Effect and Modeling Method for the Renewable Energy Grid-Connected System. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 0, (): 194-.

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