大电流真空电弧中阳极熔化过程的实验与仿真研究

doi:10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.230456

摘要
图/表
参考文献
相关文章 (2)

全文: PDF (1399 KB)
输出: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)

摘要

大电流真空开断过程中,阳极触头在电弧作用下的熔化过程极大地影响着开断结果。目前对阳极熔化的研究集中于铜及铜基合金,所涉及的材料热特性参数较为局限。为了在更大物性参数范围下剖析阳极熔化机理,该文对W、Mo、Cr、Fe四种材料开展了阳极熔化实验研究,同时建立电弧磁流体动力学模型及阳极传热模型对熔化过程进行仿真模拟。结果表明,在固定阴极为Cu的大电流燃弧实验中,四种阳极材料的临界熔化电流分别为14.0、11.9、8.6、7.5 kA;在阳极热过程模拟中,确定了阳极输入能流密度的空间与时间分布,并得到了阳极表面温度。四种材料的阳极最高温度均出现在燃弧时刻7.0 ms附近,临界电流下计算得到的阳极最高温度与相应材料熔点误差小于150 K。

	服务

	把本文推荐给朋友
	加入我的书架
	加入引用管理器
	E-mail Alert
	RSS
	作者相关文章
	张在秦
	刘志远
	王闯
	耿英三
	王建华

关键词 ：大电流真空电弧, 触头熔化, 阳极材料, 磁流体动力学仿真

Abstract：

Vacuum interrupters are widely used in the medium voltage level system with the excellent interruption capability, simple structure and low maintenance cost. Moreover, developing vacuum interruption to transmission voltage level is an ideal method to replace the greenhouse gas SF₆ towards the dual-carbon target. Breaking capacity is the core technology of the circuit breaker, the development of vacuum breaking technology needs to be based on an in-depth understanding of its breaking mechanism. In high current vacuum interruption process, the anode melting process under vacuum arc greatly affects the vacuum interruption results. The process of melting and destruction of anodes under the high current vacuum arc has been a focus of research over the decades. However, the previous research on the anode melting mainly focused on copper and copper-based alloys, and the relevant material thermal parameters are relatively limited. In order to understand the anode melting mechanism in a wider range of physical parameters, this work conducted the experiments on the anode melting of W, Mo, Cr and Fe.
The objective of this study is to obtain the influence of the anode material on the anode melting, therefore, to eliminate the interference of the arc evolution, the cathode material is set as Cu for the four investigate anode metals. In the experiments, the current is applied from low current to high current with an interval of 1.5 kA. A high speed camera is used to record the anode activity under different arc current. The experimental results show that the corresponding threshold melting current for W, Mo, Cr and Fe are 14.0 kA, 11.9 kA, 8.6 kA and 7.5 kA, respectively. The first melting of the four metals occurred at the arcing time of about 6.5~7.0 ms.
Besides the experiments, this work numerically study the anode melting. A two temperature magneto-hydrodynamic model is used to describe the vacuum arc with a developed cathode boundary. The arc plasma parameters could be obtained in the arc, such as the particle density, temperature, velocity and so on. An anode sheath is considered between the arc column and the anode. The spatial and temporal distribution of the heat flux density delivered to the anode is calculated. The anode input heat is dominated by electron energy, spatially distributed as an exponential function, and temporally varying with arc current. An enthalpy equation is used to describe the anode thermal process. Under the heat source of the input heat flux by arc column, the anode temperature is calculated during the arcing time. The results show that anode temperature first increases rapidly and then decreases slowly. The highest temperature of the four metals occurs around the arcing time of 7.0 ms. The anode thermal process is mainly influence by the heat conductivity, density and specific heat capacity of the anode metals. The simulation results effectively verify the experimental results, and the error between the maximum temperature value calculated under the critical current and the melting point of the corresponding material is less than 150 K.
The results of this work clarify the influence of anode materials on the anode melting under a larger range of physical parameters, which is helpful for an in-depth understanding of the contact melting mechanism and provides a basis for contact material selection and development in vacuum switches.

Key words： High current vacuum arc contact erosion anode material magneto-hydrodynamic simulation

收稿日期: 2023-04-11

PACS:

TM561.2

基金资助:

国家重点研发计划重点专项（2022YFB2403700）和陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目（2023-JC-YB-398）资助

通讯作者: 张在秦男,1990年生,讲师,博士,研究方向为真空电弧、触头材料。E-mail：zhangzaiqin@xaut.edu.cn

作者简介: 刘志远男,1971年生,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为真空断路器、真空开断技术。E-mail：liuzy@mail.xjtu.edu.cn

引用本文:

张在秦, 刘志远, 王闯, 耿英三, 王建华. 大电流真空电弧中阳极熔化过程的实验与仿真研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 0, (): 230456-230456. Zhang Zaiqin, Liu Zhiyuan, Wang Chuang, Geng Yingsan, Wang Jianhua. Experimental and Numerical Study on Anode Melting in High Current Vacuum Arcs. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 0, (): 230456-230456.

链接本文:

https://dgjsxb.ces-transaction.com/CN/10.19595/j.cnki.1000-6753.tces.230456 https://dgjsxb.ces-transaction.com/CN/Y0/V/I/230456

[1] 王建华, 耿英三, 刘志远, 等. 高电压等级真空开断技术[J]. 高压电器, 2017, 53(3): 1-11.
Wang Jianhua, Geng Yingsan, Liu Zhiyuan, et al.High voltage level vacuum switching technology[J]. High Voltage Apparatus, 2017, 53(3): 1-11.
[2] 钟建英, 陈刚, 谭盛武, 等. 高压开关设备关键技术及发展趋势[J]. 高电压技术, 2021, 47(8): 2769-2782.
Zhong Jianying, Chen Gang, Tan Shengwu, et al.Key technology and development trend of high-voltage switchgear[J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2021, 47(8): 2769-2782.
[3] 贾申利, 贾荣照, 朱璐. 真空开断型环保GIS发展现状及趋势[J]. 高压电器, 2022, 58(9): 1-12.
Jia Shenli, Jia Rongzhao, Zhu Lu.Advances in the development of vacuum-based eco-friendly GIS[J]. High Voltage Apparatus, 2022, 58(9): 1-12.
[4] Liu Liming, Yuan Zhao, Chen Lixue, et al.Experimental investigation on the velocity of cathode spots in a vacuum arc with high di/dt[J]. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2022, 55(19): 195202.
[5] Slade P G.The application of vacuum interrupters in HVDC circuit breakers[J]. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2022, 50(11): 4675-4682.
[6] 丁璨, 袁召, 何俊佳. 机械式真空直流断路器反向电流频率的选择方法[J]. 高电压技术, 2020, 46(8): 2670-2676.
Ding Can, Yuan Zhao, He Junjia.Method for selecting reverse current frequency of mechanical vacuum DC circuit breaker[J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2020, 46(8): 2670-2676.
[7] 吕纲, 曾嵘, 黄瑜珑, 等. 10kV自然换流型混合式直流断路器中真空电弧电流转移特性研究[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2017, 37(4): 1012-1021.
Lü Gang, Zeng Rong, Huang Yulong, et al.Researches on commutating characteristics of mechanical vacuum switch in 10k V natural-commutate hybrid DC circuit breaker[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2017, 37(4): 1012-1021.
[8] 程显, 闫冬冬, 葛国伟, 等. 基于耦合电抗器的阻容型混合直流断路器拓扑结构研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 2023, 38(3): 818-827.
Cheng Xian, Yan Dongdong, Ge Guowei, et al.Research on the topology of the resistance-capacitance hybrid DC circuit breaker with coupling reactors[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2023, 38(3): 818-827.
[9] 刘思奇, 沈兵, 庄劲武, 等. 混合型真空限流断路器短燃弧短间隙下的介质强度恢复试验研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 2020, 35(2): 284-291.
Liu Siqi, Shen Bing, Zhuang Jinwu, et al.Experimental study on vacuum dielectric recovery of hybrid current limiting circuit breaker with short arcing time and short gap[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2020, 35(2): 284-291.
[10] 黄翀阳, 刘晓明, 曹云东, 等. 双断口直流真空断路器非同期开断电弧特性分析[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2022, 42(9): 3480-3490.
Huang Chongyang, Liu Xiaoming, Cao Yundong, et al.Analysis of vacuum arc characteristics with double-break DC-VCB on asynchronous[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2022, 42(9): 3480-3490.
[11] 程显, 杜帅, 葛国伟, 等. 环保型罐式多断口真空断路器均压配置研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 2021, 36(15): 3154-3162.
Cheng Xian, Du Shuai, Ge Guowei, et al.Study on voltage-sharing configuration of environment-friendly tank type multi-break vacuum circuit breakers[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2021, 36(15): 3154-3162.
[12] 蒋原, 刘雨坤, 李擎, 等. 中频供电系统真空电弧开断过程与液滴喷射分析[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2020, 40(2): 684-692.
Jiang Yuan, Liu Yukun, Li Qing, et al.Interruption and droplets emission in intermediate-frequency vacuum arc of aviation power supply system[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2020, 40(2): 684-692.
[13] 宋心哲, 廖敏夫, 卢刚, 等. 三间隙激光触发真空开关触发特性研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 2023, 38(14): 3923-3929.
Song Xinzhe, Liao Minfu, Lu Gang, et al.Research on triggering characteristics of triple-gap laser triggered vacuum switch[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2023, 38(14): 3923-3929.
[14] Miller H C.Anode modes in vacuum arcs: update[J]. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2017, 45(8): 2366-2374.
[15] Slade P G.The vacuum interrupter: theory, design, and application[M]. 2nd ed.
[16] 付思, 曹云东, 李静, 等. 触头分离瞬间真空金属蒸气电弧形成过程的仿真[J]. 电工技术学报, 2020, 35(13): 2922-2931.
Fu Si, Cao Yundong, Li Jing, et al.Simulation researches on vacuum metal vapor arc formation at the initial moment of contact parting[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2020, 35(13): 2922-2931.
[17] 丁璨, 李江, 袁召, 等. 基于NSGA-Ⅱ和BP神经网络的杯状纵磁触头结构优化设计[J]. 电工技术学报, 2022, 37(23): 6074-6082.
Ding Can, Li Jiang, Yuan Zhao, et al.Structural optimization design of cup-shaped longitudinal magnetic contact based on NSGA-Ⅱ and BP neural network[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2022, 37(23): 6074-6082.
[18] 董华军, 温超阳, 孙鹏, 等. 基于正交实验新型真空灭弧室触头磁场仿真与参数优化设计[J]. 电工技术学报, 2022, 37(21): 5598-5606.
Dong Huajun, Wen Chaoyang, Sun Peng, et al.Simulation and optimization of the contact magnetic field of a new type of vacuum interrupter based on orthogonal experiment[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2022, 37(21): 5598-5606.
[19] Wang Lijun, Yang Ze, Jiang Jing, et al.Study of vacuum arc behavior under anode spot and anode plume modes[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2019, 115(1): 014101.
[20] 王立军, 王渊, 黄小龙, 等. 纵向磁场下真空电弧中阳极烧蚀过程的实验及仿真研究综述[J]. 高电压技术, 2019, 45(7): 2343-2352.
Wang Lijun, Wang Yuan, Huang Xiaolong, et al.Experiments and simulation studies on anode erosion process in vacuum arc under axial magnetic field: a review[J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2019, 45(7): 2343-2352.
[21] Huang Xiaolong, Wang Lijun, Jia Shenli, et al.Numerical simulation of thermal characteristics of anodes by pure metal and CuCr alloy material in vacuum arc[J]. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2015, 43(8): 2283-2293.
[22] Shkol’nik S M.Processes on contacts and thermal state of contact surfaces in AMF-contact systems of medium-voltage vacuum interrupters when switching the limiting current: a review[J]. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2022, 50(9): 2634-2641.
[23] Liu Zhiyuan, Kong Guowei, Ma Hui, et al.Estimation of critical axial magnetic field to prevent anode spots in vacuum interrupters[J]. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2014, 42(9): 2277-2283.
[24] Khakpour A, Uhrlandt D, Methling R, et al.Impact of different vacuum interrupter properties on high-current anode phenomena[J]. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2016, 44(12): 3337-3345.
[25] Jiang Yuan, Wu Jianwen, Ma Suliang, et al.Appearance of vacuum arcs in axial magnetic field and butt contacts at intermediate frequencies[J]. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2019, 47(2): 1405-1412.
[26] Ma Hui, Zhang Zaiqin, Liu Zhiyuan, et al.Effect of six pure metals cathode on constricted characteristics of high-current vacuum arcs subject to axial magnetic field[J]. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2019, 52(26): 265201.
[27] Braginskii S I.Reviews of Plasma Physics[M]. New York: Consultants Bureau, 1965.
[28] Zhang Zaiqin, Ma Hui, Liu Zhiyuan, et al.Cathode-constriction and column-constriction in high current vacuum arcs subjected to an axial magnetic field[J]. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2018, 51(14): 145203.
[29] Zhang Zaiqin, Liu Zhiyuan, Ma Hui, et al.Anode input heat flux density in high-current vacuum arcs as anode spot formation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2022, 50(10): 3732-3741.
[30] Boxman R L, Goldsmith S.Model of the anode region in a uniform multi-cathode-spot vacuum arc[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 1983, 54(2): 592-602.
[31] Shmelev D L, Oreshkin V I, Uimanov I V.Hybrid numerical simulation of high-current vacuum arc taking into account secondary plasma generation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2019, 47(8): 3478-3483.